Cited by 261HIV, Drug Use, Sexual RiskForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Drug checking services for people who use drugs: a systematic review

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Maghsoudi, Nazlee, Tanguay, Justine, Scarfone, Kristy, Rammohan, Indhu, Ziegler, Carolyn, Werb, Dan, Scheim, Ayden I.·2022·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/add.15734PMC PMC9299873

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Abstract

Background and Aims: Drug checking services provide people who use drugs with chemical analysis results of their drug samples while simultaneously monitoring the unregulated drug market. We sought to identify and synthesize literature on the following domains: (a) the influence of drug checking services on the behaviour of people who use drugs; (b) monitoring of drug markets by drug checking services; and (c) outcomes related to models of drug checking services. Methods: Systematic review. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and Dissertations and Theses Global. Eligible studies were peer‐reviewed articles and conference abstracts or grey literature, published in any language since 1990 and including original data on the domains. We assessed risk of bias for quantitative peer‐reviewed articles reporting on behaviour or models of drug checking services using National Institutes of Health tools. Results: We screened 2463 titles and abstracts and 156 full texts, with 90 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Most ( n = 65, 72.2%) were from Europe and used cross‐sectional designs ( n = 79, 87.7%). Monitoring of drug markets by drug checking services ( n = 63, 70%) was the most reported domain, followed by the influence of drug checking services on behaviour ( n = 31, 34.4%), including intent to use, actual use and disposal of the drug, and outcomes related to models of drug checking services ( n = 17, 18.9%). The most common outcome measures were detection of unexpected substances ( n = 50, 55.6%), expected substances ( n = 44, 48.9%), new psychoactive substances ( n = 40, 44.4%) and drugs of concern ( n = 32, 36.5%) by drug checking services. Conclusions: Drug checking services appear to influence behavioural intentions and the behaviour of people who use drugs, particularly when results from drug checking services are unexpected or drugs of concern. Monitoring of drug markets by drug checking services is well established in Europe, and increasingly in North America. Concerns about drug contents and negative health consequences facilitate the use of drug checking services; lack of concern; trust in drug sellers; lack of accessibility of drug checking services; and legal and privacy concerns are barriers to use.

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FIGURE 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagramCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

FIGURE 2 Outcome measures examined by included studies (n = 90). DCS = drug checking services; PWUD = people who use drugsCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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See all 261

Authors: Maghsoudi, N., Tanguay, J., Scarfone, K., Rammohan, I., Ziegler, C., Werb, D., & Scheim, A. I.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
Unity Health Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Werb, Dan
ORCID: Maghsoudi, Nazlee
Scarfone, Kristy
Rammohan, Indhu
Ziegler, Carolyn
Werb, Dan
Scheim, Ayden I.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-12-12
Volume: 117
Issue: 3
Pages: 532-544
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/add.15734
PMC: PMC9299873
OpenAlex: W3208716282
Cited by: 261
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 2
FWCI: 5.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
St. Michael's Hospital Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: drug checking, drug users, drug use behavior, new psychoactive substances, drug disposal, barriers to service use, chemical analysis of drugs
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Humans, North America, United States, Substance-Related Disorders, Drug Users

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Drug checking services for people who use drugs: a systematic review

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