The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder

In the paper

“The precipitous increase in novel and designer drugs (eg, cathinones, amphetamines) in the market complicates the clinical picture.3”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction says the number of available designer drugs is constantly growing and that newly emerging drugs may evade routine screening while information about their adverse effects is often scarce. Those points support the paraphrase that their growing availability complicates clinical assessment, although the paper does not quantify the rate of increase. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [3] 3. Luethi D, Liechti ME. Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(4):1085-1133. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02693-7 [PubMed: 32249347] source

In the paper

“Guideline was developed using the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework for producing recommendations in health care.12”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Background presents the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework as a method for making health system and public health recommendations and decisions. The citation supports the identification of the framework used; it does not need to document the citing authors’ own guideline-development process. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [12] 12. GRADE Working Group, Moberg J, Oxman AD, et al. The GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework for health system and public health decisions. Health Res Policy Syst. 2018;16(1):45. doi:10.1186/s12961-018-0320-2 [PubMed: 29843743] source

In the paper

“Beyond the mortality risk, StUD can also lead to long-term health problems, including cardiac, pulmonary, psychiatric, dental, nutritional, and dermatologic issues, as well as cognitive impairment.11”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Medical complications section describes cardiac and pulmonary disease, psychotic symptoms, and dental decay, and notes malnutrition as a possible lifestyle-related contributor to adverse outcomes. The Chronic use section describes skin picking and cognitive impairment that may persist for months after abstinence. Together, these passages support the cited sentence’s broad description of possible long-term problems, though the pathways are not all direct effects of stimulant use. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [11] 11. Ciccarone D. Stimulant abuse: pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy. Prim Care. 2011;38(1):41-58. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2010.11.004 [PubMed: 21356420] source

In the paper

“A recent report by the Motivational Incentives Policy Group-a stakeholder coalition of CM experts in policy, research, and legal analysis-outlines”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section on Training Strategies discusses a NIDA/SAMHSA Motivational Incentives training package, not a report by the Motivational Incentives Policy Group. Searches for the group, OIG Final Rule, and legal guardrails found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed report or its guidance; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [48] 48. Oluwoye O, Kriegel L, Alcover KC, McPherson S, McDonell MG, Roll JM. The dissemination and implementation of contingency management for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Psychol Addict Behav. 2020;34(1):99-110. doi:10.1037/adb0000487 [PubMed: 31259569] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated the best effectiveness in the treatment of stimulant use disorders (StUDs) compared to any other intervention studied and represents the current standard of care.”

• Also stated in: § Behavioral Treatment · boosted

  “CM has demonstrated the best effectiveness in the treatment of StUDs compared to any other intervention studied and represents the current standard of care.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that contingency management had better outcomes than other methods for methamphetamine use disorder, and the Results describe it as having the strongest evidence among the interventions reviewed. The paper does not establish that it is the most effective intervention for all stimulant use disorders or identify contingency management specifically as the current standard of care; its conclusion recommends behavioural interventions more broadly as first-line treatment for methamphetamine use disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [43] 43. AshaRani PV, Hombali A, Seow E, Ong WJ, Tan JH, Subramaniam M. Nonpharmacological interventions for methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;212:108060. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108060 [PubMed: 32445927] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports that contingency management was the only treatment category consistently associated with a significant reduction in objectively measured cocaine use. The study concerns cocaine use disorder, not stimulant use disorders generally. It also does not establish contingency management as the current standard of care: the Introduction says there is an absence of a standard treatment for cocaine use disorder, and the Discussion calls for considering broader implementation. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [44] 44. Bentzley BS, Han SS, Neuner S, Humphreys K, Kampman KM, Halpern CH. Comparison of Treatments for Cocaine Use Disorder Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e218049. doi:10/gjw4ck [PubMed: 33961037] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] 45. Herbeck DM, Hser YI, Teruya C. Empirically supported substance abuse treatment approaches: A survey of treatment providers' perspectives and practices. Addict Behav. 2008;33(5):699-712. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.12.003 [PubMed: 18207334] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Rawson RA, Erath TG, Chalk M, et al. Contingency Management for Stimulant Use Disorder: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2023;46(2):152-159. doi:10.1097/JAC.0000000000000450 [PubMed: 36745163] source

In the paper

“Some published protocols exist for voucher-and prize-based interventions, 59,60 as well as some introductory trainings.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Study characteristics; page unavailable) describe voucher- and prize-based contingency-management protocols used in published studies. The Discussion describes a 1.5-day training and training for initial proficiency. The paper does not establish that standalone intervention protocols or introductory training materials were published. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [59] 59. Pfund RA, Ginley MK, Rash CJ, Zajac K. Contingency management for treatment attendance: A meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;133:108556. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108556 [PubMed: 34210566] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Higgins ST, Sigmon SC, Wong CJ, et al. Community Reinforcement Therapy for Cocaine-Dependent Outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(10):1043-1052. doi:10.1001/ archpsyc.60.9.1043 [PubMed: 14557150] source

In the paper

“In December 2020, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) published clarification-known as the”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses contingency management’s effectiveness and providers’ reluctance to adopt it, while the Methods (page unavailable) describes tangible incentives. Searches for the Office of Inspector General, the Anti-Kickback Statute, December 2020, and case-by-case legal guidance found no passage addressing the claimed clarification. This 2012 paper cannot document an announcement made in 2020. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [53] 53. Kirby KC, Carpenedo CM, Stitzer ML, et al. Is exposure to an effective contingency management intervention associated with more positive provider beliefs? J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;42(4):356- 365. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.09.004 [PubMed: 22116009] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Montana, Washington, and California have all begun state-funded pilot programs that implement CM.48”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results (Study Characteristics; page unavailable) describe statewide CM implementation efforts in South Carolina and New York, but do not address state-funded pilot programs in Montana, Washington, or California. Searches for those states and for state-funded CM pilots found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  cites [48] 48. Oluwoye O, Kriegel L, Alcover KC, McPherson S, McDonell MG, Roll JM. The dissemination and implementation of contingency management for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Psychol Addict Behav. 2020;34(1):99-110. doi:10.1037/adb0000487 [PubMed: 31259569] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“There is strong evidence that CM is an effective intervention for increasing treatment engagement and reducing stimulant use.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that CM consistently reduced drug use and improved treatment retention during treatment for methamphetamine use disorder. The claim extends that finding to stimulant use generally; this review’s own findings concern methamphetamine, and it says the durability of the benefits after treatment is not well studied. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [43] 43. AshaRani PV, Hombali A, Seow E, Ong WJ, Tan JH, Subramaniam M. Nonpharmacological interventions for methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;212:108060. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108060 [PubMed: 32445927] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion report that contingency management was consistently associated with reduced urinalysis-confirmed cocaine use. The paper does not establish that it increases treatment engagement, and its finding concerns cocaine rather than stimulant use generally. Its Conclusions also caution that the broad analysis limited the strength of its conclusions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [44] 44. Bentzley BS, Han SS, Neuner S, Humphreys K, Kampman KM, Halpern CH. Comparison of Treatments for Cocaine Use Disorder Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e218049. doi:10/gjw4ck [PubMed: 33961037] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] 45. Herbeck DM, Hser YI, Teruya C. Empirically supported substance abuse treatment approaches: A survey of treatment providers' perspectives and practices. Addict Behav. 2008;33(5):699-712. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.12.003 [PubMed: 18207334] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Rawson RA, Erath TG, Chalk M, et al. Contingency Management for Stimulant Use Disorder: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2023;46(2):152-159. doi:10.1097/JAC.0000000000000450 [PubMed: 36745163] source

In the paper

“Bupropion is contraindicated in individuals with history of seizure or anorexia or bulimia nervosa and should be used with caution in individuals with elevated seizure risk.111”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Methods > Participants section (page unavailable) says the trial excluded people with conditions that increased seizure risk, supporting the need for caution. It does not state that bupropion is contraindicated for people with a history of seizures, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia nervosa; the abstract’s mention of anorexia is an adverse event, not that contraindication. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [111] 111. Trivedi MH, Walker R, Ling W, et al. Bupropion and naltrexone in methamphetamine use disorder. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):140-153. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2020214 [PubMed: 33497547] 122. Vivitrol [Package Insert]. Alkermes, Inc; 1984. 123. Elkashef A, Kahn R, Yu E, et al. Topiramate for the treatment of methamphetamine addiction: a multi-center placebo-controlled trial. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2012;107(7):1297- 1306. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03771.x 124. Remeron [Medication Guide]. Organon Inc; 1997. 125. Jilani TN, Gibbons JR, Faizy RM, Saadabadi A. Mirtazapine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Sta sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Patients who do not have ready access to a computer and the internet and/or who have low computer literacy could find these interventions difficult to access, disproportionately impacting patients with lower socioeconomic status.93”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Abstract and Discussion describe telephone-based counseling for recovering stimulant users, not interventions requiring a computer or internet connection. Searches of our copy for computer and internet access, computer literacy, and socioeconomic barriers found no passage addressing the claimed access disparity. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [93] 93. Farabee D, Cousins SJ, Brecht ML, et al. A comparison of four telephone-based counseling styles for recovering stimulant users. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):223-229. doi:10.1037/a0029572 [PubMed: 22867295] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“CBT4CBT and TES appear to improve stimulant use outcomes when added to other behavioral interventions; however, these effects are not always durable.82,83”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Kelpin SS, Parlier-Ahmad AB, Jallo N, Carroll K, Svikis DS. A pilot randomized trial of CBT4CBT for women in residential treatment for substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;132:108622. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108622 [PubMed: 34538690] source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction and Methods describe CBT4CBT as an adjunct to standard outpatient treatment in a mixed substance-dependent sample, and the Results report improved drug-use outcomes. The paper does not establish a stimulant-specific effect or evaluate TES. Its Discussion reports CBT4CBT benefits lasting up to six months, so this source does not support a lack of durability for CBT4CBT. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [83] 83. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Martino S, Nich C, Babuscio TA, Rounsaville BJ. Enduring Effects of a Computer-Assisted Training Program For Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A six- month follow-up of CBT4CBT. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(1-2):178-181. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2008.09.015 [PubMed: 19041197] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“CBT4CBT has been shown to be effective as a standalone treatment in a few studies, but this is insufficient evidence to recommend it as a standalone treatment.81,83,92”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The ‘Efficacy as a Virtual Stand-Alone Treatment’ section describes two trials in which CBT4CBT was the principal treatment, accompanied by brief weekly clinical monitoring. The Summary and Discussion calls this virtual stand-alone approach efficacious, but the paper does not say the evidence is insufficient to recommend it. Nor do the trials establish efficacy without monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [81] 81. Kiluk BD. Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders: A Summary of the Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Behavior Change. Perspect Behav Sci. 2019;42(3):465-478. doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00205-2 [PubMed: 31976445] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports efficacy for CBT4CBT as an adjunct to standard outpatient treatment, and the Methods state that every participant received standard treatment. The Discussion reports enduring benefit for that adjunctive use. The paper does not establish efficacy as a standalone treatment in a few studies or make a recommendation about standalone use. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [83] 83. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Martino S, Nich C, Babuscio TA, Rounsaville BJ. Enduring Effects of a Computer-Assisted Training Program For Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A six- month follow-up of CBT4CBT. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(1-2):178-181. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2008.09.015 [PubMed: 19041197] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [92] 92. American Psychiatric Association. App Advisor: An American Psychiatric Association Initiative. Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/mental-health-apps 95.

In the paper

“CM interventions have used webcams and mobile applications to promote cessation of nicotine/tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use.51,88”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] 51. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General. Medicare and state health care programs: Fraud and abuse; Revisions to safe harbors under the anti-kickback statute, and civil monetary penalty rules regarding beneficiary inducements; Final rule. Fed Regist. 2020;85(232):77684-77895.
• Partly supported

  The Methods (page unavailable) describe a smartphone app previously evaluated to promote drug abstinence in people with opioid use disorder. This study used the app to promote buprenorphine adherence, not cessation; our copy does not support the claim about webcam use or nicotine/tobacco and alcohol cessation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [88] 88. DeFulio A, Brown HD, Davidson RM, Regnier SD, Kang N, Ehart M. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of a Smartphone-Based Contingency Management Intervention for Buprenorphine Adherence. Behav Anal Pract. 2023;16(2):450-458. doi:10.1007/ s40617-022-00730-8 [PubMed: 37187840] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“These applications allow for standardized implementation, reduced staff burden, and increased access to care.76,77”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says web-based self-help programs can reach otherwise hidden groups through a low treatment threshold, supporting increased access. The Methods > Interventions section describes a structured, computer-delivered sequence of modules, consistent with standardized delivery. The paper does not establish that these applications reduce staff burden; its cost-benefit statement does not specifically address staffing. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [76] 76. Schaub M, Sullivan R, Haug S, Stark L. Web-based cognitive behavioral self-help intervention to reduce cocaine consumption in problematic cocaine users: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(6):e166. doi:10/gj7qwc [PubMed: 23192752] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Methods (Design; no page available) describe a fully automated, three-module intervention, and the Introduction says web-based interventions could extend access. The Discussion (Implications; no page available) says the program might lower the burden on service providers. The paper does not explicitly establish standardized implementation or demonstrate a reduction in staff burden; it presents the latter as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [77] 77. Tait RJ, McKetin R, Kay-Lambkin F, et al. Six-Month Outcomes of a Web-Based Intervention for Users of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(4):e105. doi:10/gn763w [PubMed: 25925801] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“studies have found significant reductions in substance use and improved retention in treatment using CBT4CBT relative to in-person CBT.81,83”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The “Efficacy as a Virtual Stand-Alone Treatment” section reports that CBT4CBT had the best outcomes for retention and substance use in a trial that included therapist-delivered CBT. But it says the trial was not powered for a direct comparison between those treatments; the reported greater reduction in substance use was relative to treatment as usual, not in-person CBT. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites [81] 81. Kiluk BD. Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders: A Summary of the Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Behavior Change. Perspect Behav Sci. 2019;42(3):465-478. doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00205-2 [PubMed: 31976445] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports longer abstinence and fewer drug-positive urine specimens with CBT4CBT added to treatment as usual, and the Abstract Results report a significant difference in drug-use trends. But Methods §2.1 identifies the comparator as treatment as usual, not in-person CBT; the paper discusses retention as a predictor of later drug-use outcomes, not as an outcome improved by CBT4CBT. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [83] 83. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Martino S, Nich C, Babuscio TA, Rounsaville BJ. Enduring Effects of a Computer-Assisted Training Program For Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A six- month follow-up of CBT4CBT. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(1-2):178-181. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2008.09.015 [PubMed: 19041197] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“One RCT of a mixed population of patients with cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders found positive effects on reduced substance use, suggesting that telemedicine may be effective in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.95”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports better cocaine-use outcomes for participants who received incentives. But the study describes its participants as cocaine-dependent and its interventions as contingency management and relapse prevention, not telemedicine; it does not establish an effect for methamphetamine use disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [95] 95. McKay JR, Lynch KG, Coviello D, et al. Randomized trial of continuing care enhancements for cocaine-dependent patients following initial engagement. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(1):111. doi:10.1037/a0018139 [PubMed: 20099956] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“It is known to have several molecular actions, including blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels, increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptor activity, antagonizing some glutamate receptor subtypes, and inhibiting carbonic anhydrase.112,113”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] 112. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Hern J, et al. Effects of mirtazapine for methamphetamine use disorder among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men: A placebo- controlled randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(3):246-255. doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2019.3655 [PubMed: 31825466] 127. Colfax GN, Santos GM, Das M, et al. Mirtazapine to reduce methamphetamine use: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(11):1168-1175. doi:10.1001/ archgenpsychiatry.2011.124 [PubMed: 22065532] 128. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Pharmacologic Properties section describes mirtazapine’s receptor actions, not topiramate’s. Searches of our full-text copy for topiramate, sodium channels, GABA-A, and carbonic anhydrase found no passage addressing the claimed mechanisms. This source therefore does not verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [113] 113. Alam A, Voronovich Z, Carley JA. A review of therapeutic uses of mirtazapine in psychiatric and medical conditions. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013;15(5):PCC.13r01525. doi:10.4088/ PCC.13r01525 129. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Topiramate can cause appetite suppression; this is an important consideration when treating patients who are underweight or at risk of being underweight.115”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction and Drug-drug interactions sections discuss modafinil and other medications, but no passage addresses topiramate or its effect on appetite. Searches for “topiramate” and “appetite suppression weight loss” found no relevant passage, so the underweight-patient consideration cannot be verified from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [115] 115. Hashemian SM, Farhadi T. A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care. J Drug Assess. 2020;9(1):82-86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209 [PubMed: 32341841] 131. Battleday RM, Brem AK. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep- deprived subjects: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(11):1865-1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028 [PubMed: 26381811] 132. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Mirtazapine is an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of MDD that acts at multiple sites, including adrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic receptors.124,125”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section discusses antidepressant use during psychological-treatment studies but does not identify mirtazapine. Searches of our copy for mirtazapine, FDA approval, and the named receptor types found no passage addressing its approval or mechanism of action; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [124] 124. Hides L, Quinn C, Stoyanov S, Kavanagh D, Baker A. Psychological interventions for co- occurring depression and substance use disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009501.pub2 148. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] 125. Hunt GE, Siegfried N, Morley K, Brooke-Sumner C, Cleary M. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, ed. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Published online December 12, 2019. doi:10/ggfhzg 149. source

In the paper

“The desirable effects of topiramate are somewhat offset by known side effects (eg, cognitive effects, paresthesia) and variable tolerability, which can be improved by slow titration.115”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Side effects of modafinil and Modafinil tolerance sections discuss modafinil, not topiramate. Searches for topiramate, cognitive effects, paresthesia, and slow titration found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [115] 115. Hashemian SM, Farhadi T. A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care. J Drug Assess. 2020;9(1):82-86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209 [PubMed: 32341841] 131. Battleday RM, Brem AK. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep- deprived subjects: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(11):1865-1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028 [PubMed: 26381811] 132. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“It is FDA-approved to treat depression, may also help treat anxiety and improve sleep quality, and has no known potential for misuse.128”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Our copy’s ‘(03) Olanzapine versus placebo’ section reports no significant difference in anxiety scores for olanzapine, not mirtazapine. Searches for ‘mirtazapine’ and ‘anxiety and improve sleep quality’ found no passage addressing whether mirtazapine may help treat anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [128] 128. Indave BI, Minozzi S, Pani PP, Amato L. Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, ed. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Published online March 19, 2016. doi:10/f8gwnx 152. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The desirable effects of topiramate are somewhat offset by known side effects (eg, cognitive effects, paresthesia) and variable tolerability, which can be improved by slow titration.115”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The paper’s Side effects of modafinil and Modafinil tolerance sections discuss modafinil, not topiramate. Searches for topiramate, paresthesia, cognitive effects, and slow titration found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim; the paper’s discussion of adjusting modafinil dosage does not establish it for topiramate. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [115] 115. Hashemian SM, Farhadi T. A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care. J Drug Assess. 2020;9(1):82-86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209 [PubMed: 32341841] 131. Battleday RM, Brem AK. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep- deprived subjects: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(11):1865-1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028 [PubMed: 26381811] 132. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Reductions in SUD severity were also found, suggesting improvements in SUD-related consequences and functioning.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Section 3.2.2 (Topiramate; page unavailable) discusses reduced drinking and alcohol craving in alcohol use disorder, not severity in amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder. Searches for stimulant use disorder and SUD-related consequences or functioning found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [118] 118. Fischler PV, Soyka M, Seifritz E, Mutschler J. Off-label and investigational drugs in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A critical review. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:927703. doi:10.3389/ fphar.2022.927703 [PubMed: 36263121] 139. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Repurposed Agents section reports that topiramate reduced alcohol drinking and improved some self-reported drinking-related outcomes in people with alcohol use disorder. It does not report reduced SUD severity in amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder or establish improvements in functioning for that population. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  cites [119] 119. Burnette EM, Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, et al. Novel Agents for the Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Drugs. 2022;82(3):251-274. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01670-3 [PubMed: 35133639] 140. Nazarova VA, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1066988. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988 [PubMed: 36467081] 141. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The exact mechanism of action of modafinil is unclear, though in vitro studies have shown that it modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine reuptake, as well as histamine and hypocretin signaling.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [130] 130. Richards JR, Garber D, Laurin EG, et al. Treatment of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol Phila Pa. 2016;54(5):345-364. doi:10/gfv25h 154. source
• ?Could not verify

  The section “Neurological and Psychological Interaction of SUD and Non-SUD Psychiatric Disorders” discusses dopamine in drugs of abuse and serotonin in alcohol and ecstasy, not modafinil. Searches for modafinil, its proposed in vitro mechanism, histamine, and hypocretin found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [131] 131. Kishi T, Matsuda Y, Iwata N, Correll CU. Antipsychotics for cocaine or psychostimulant dependence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):e1169-1180. doi:10/gn76x9 [PubMed: 24434105] 155. Chan B, Freeman M, Ayers C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108193. doi:10/gn764j [PubMed: 32861136] 156. Kelly TM, Daley DC. Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Soc Work sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“These medications increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibit the reuptake of these neurotransmitters.135”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Review of Existing Pharmacological Treatment Research identifies mixed amphetamine salts as stimulants, and its Summary says extended-release forms have not been systematically evaluated. Neither section describes dopamine or norepinephrine release or reuptake; searches for those mechanisms found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [135] 135. Zaso MJ, Park A, Antshel KM. Treatments for Adolescents With Comorbid ADHD and Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(9):1215-1226. doi:10.1177/1087054715569280 [PubMed: 25655767] 161. Food and Drug Administration. FDA updating warnings to improve safe use of prescription stimulants used to treat ADHD and other conditions. Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updating-warnings- improve-safe-use-prescription-stimulants-used-treat-adhd-and-other-conditions 162. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“While a systematic review showed mixed results, 142 these may have been impacted by insufficient dosing”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion describes stigma and ambivalence about medications for opioid use disorder; its mention of a systematic review concerns barriers to that treatment, not ADHD. Searches for psychostimulants, ADHD symptoms, mixed results, and insufficient dosing found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [142] 142. Manning V, Arunogiri S, Frei M, et al. Alcohol and Other Drug Withdrawal: Practice Guidelines. 3rd ed. Turning Point; 2018. 185. Bagley SM, Schoenberger SF, dellaBitta V, et al. Ambivalence and stigma beliefs about medication treatment among young adults with opioid use disorder: A qualitative exploration of young adults' perspectives. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2023;72(1):105-110. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.026 186. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“No difference was noted on treatment retention.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction discusses methylphenidate trials and stimulant treatment of substance use disorders, but does not report a treatment-retention comparison for methylphenidate in amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder. Searches for retention and for a methylphenidate-versus-placebo difference found no passage addressing that outcome; the retention passages concern ADHD, cognitive deficits, or other populations. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [136] 136. Mariani JJ, Mariani JJ, Levin FR. Treatment Strategies for Co-Occurring ADHD and Substance Use Disorders. Am J Addict. 2007;16(s1):45-56. doi:10.1080/10550490601082783 [PubMed: 17453606] 163. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021 NSDUH Detailed Tables. Published 2023. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh- detailed-tables 164. Austic EA. Peak ages of risk for starting nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:224-229. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.034 [PubMed: 25908322] 165. Guerin A, Kim J. Age sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Modafinil is generally well tolerated, and the two meta-analyses reported no significant differences in the rate of serious or other adverse events.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] 132. Torrens M, Rossi PC, Martinez-Riera R, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Bulbena A. Psychiatric Co- Morbidity and Substance Use Disorders: Treatment in Parallel Systems or in One Integrated System? Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(8-9):1005-1014. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.663296 [PubMed: 22676568] 158. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Methods (§§2.3–2.4) describe extracting ADHD prevalence and substance-use data, and the Results (§3.2) report prevalence estimates; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for modafinil and for serious or other adverse events found no passage addressing its tolerability or adverse-event rates. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [133] 133. Rohner H, Gaspar N, Philipsen A, Schulze M. Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Populations: Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1275. doi:10.3390/ijerph20021275 [PubMed: 36674031] 159. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Methylphenidate (MPH) inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine and is FDA-approved for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy.143,144”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction (p. 2) identifies the paper’s subject as young adults’ perspectives on recovery from substance use disorder, and the Discussion (p. 5) addresses treatment goals. Searches of our full-text copy for methylphenidate, its reuptake mechanism, and FDA approval for ADHD or narcolepsy found no passage addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [143] 143. Schoenberger SF, Park TW, dellaBitta V, Hadland SE, Bagley SM. "My Life Isn't Defined by Substance Use": Recovery Perspectives Among Young Adults with Substance Use Disorder. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(4):816-822. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06934-y 187. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) 33: Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders. PEP21-02-01004. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2021. Accessed July 13, 2022. https:// store.samhsa.gov/product/treatment-for-stimulant-use-disorders/PEP21-02-01-004 188. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] 144. Levy S, Siqueira LM, Committee on Substance Abuse, et al. Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):e1798-1807. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0865 [PubMed: 24864184] 189. source

In the paper

“Two meta-analyses found no effect on sustained cocaine abstinence but a positive effect on cocaine abstinence rates at the end of the treatment trial in patients treated with modafinil.132,133”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] 132. Torrens M, Rossi PC, Martinez-Riera R, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Bulbena A. Psychiatric Co- Morbidity and Substance Use Disorders: Treatment in Parallel Systems or in One Integrated System? Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(8-9):1005-1014. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.663296 [PubMed: 22676568] 158. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Methods (§2.3–2.4; page unavailable) specify that this meta-analysis examines ADHD prevalence in substance-use populations, including cocaine users. The Results (§3.2; page unavailable) report ADHD prevalence among cocaine users, not modafinil treatment outcomes. Searches for modafinil, sustained cocaine abstinence, and end-of-treatment abstinence found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [133] 133. Rohner H, Gaspar N, Philipsen A, Schulze M. Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Populations: Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1275. doi:10.3390/ijerph20021275 [PubMed: 36674031] 159. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Modafinil also activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABA.130,131”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [130] 130. Richards JR, Garber D, Laurin EG, et al. Treatment of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol Phila Pa. 2016;54(5):345-364. doi:10/gfv25h 154. source
• ?Could not verify

  The section on neurological and psychological interactions discusses dopamine, serotonin, and endocannabinoids, but does not address modafinil’s effects on glutamatergic circuits or GABA. Searches for modafinil and for glutamate/GABA returned no passage supporting the claim; our copy does not settle it. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [131] 131. Kishi T, Matsuda Y, Iwata N, Correll CU. Antipsychotics for cocaine or psychostimulant dependence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):e1169-1180. doi:10/gn76x9 [PubMed: 24434105] 155. Chan B, Freeman M, Ayers C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108193. doi:10/gn764j [PubMed: 32861136] 156. Kelly TM, Daley DC. Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Soc Work sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“These studies generally noted a large beneficial effect of pharmacotherapy for both preexisting and stimulant-induced psychosis, as well as preexisting and stimulant-induced mania.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] 114. Murillo-Rodríguez E, Barciela Veras A, Barbosa Rocha N, Budde H, Machado S. An Overview of the Clinical Uses, Pharmacology, and Safety of Modafinil. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018;9(2):151- 158. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00374 [PubMed: 29115823] 130. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) examine the risk of hospitalization after starting prescription stimulants, not the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for psychosis or mania. The Discussion says stimulant-induced episodes can resolve after discontinuing the stimulant, but reports no large beneficial effect of medication for either preexisting or stimulant-induced conditions. Searches for pharmacotherapy benefits and antipsychotic treatment effectiveness found no such finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [117] 117. Sangroula D, Motiwala F, Wagle B, Shah VC, Hagi K, Lippmann S. Modafinil treatment of cocaine dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(10):1292-1306. doi:10/gn764f [PubMed: 28350194] 134. Cressman AM, Macdonald EM, Huang A, et al. Prescription Stimulant Use and Hospitalization for Psychosis or Mania: A Population-Based Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(6):667- 671. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000406 [PubMed: 26485338] 135. Adderall XR [Package Insert]. Shire US Inc; 2001. 136. Tardelli VS, Bisaga A, Arcadepani FB, Gerra G, Levin FR, Fidalgo TM. Presc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The Repurposed Agents section discusses aripiprazole as a treatment for alcohol use disorder and reports mixed effects on drinking outcomes. Searches for preexisting or stimulant-induced psychosis and mania found no passage assessing pharmacotherapy for those conditions or describing a large beneficial effect. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [119] 119. Burnette EM, Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, et al. Novel Agents for the Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Drugs. 2022;82(3):251-274. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01670-3 [PubMed: 35133639] 140. Nazarova VA, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1066988. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988 [PubMed: 36467081] 141. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“the standard of care for adolescent-and young adult SUD treatment is to use interventions that are specifically tailored or designed for their unique developmental stage.177,178,179”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction describes an evaluation of a stimulant-withdrawal assessment, while Methods > Procedures describes a trial of exercise versus health education as additions to usual care. Searches for adolescent and young adult treatment and developmentally appropriate interventions found no passage stating that developmentally tailored interventions are the standard of care. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [177] 177. Walker R, Northrup TF, Tillitski J, Bernstein I, Greer TL, Trivedi MH. The Stimulant Selective Severity Assessment: A replication and exploratory extension of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(3):351-361. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1467453 [PubMed: 30657406] 242. Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, de Garbino JP. Poisoning Severity Score. Grading of Acute Poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):205-213. doi:10.3109/15563659809028940 [PubMed: 9656975] 243. Klega AE, Keehbauch JT. Stimulant and designer drug use: Primary care management. Am Fam Physici sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  Section 5.1 discusses extra caution when prescribing antipsychotics to children and adolescents with methamphetamine-induced psychosis; it does not describe developmentally tailored SUD interventions. Sections 5.2–5.3 discuss psychosocial treatments for methamphetamine use without identifying such tailoring as the standard of care for adolescents and young adults. Searches for developmental-stage and age-appropriate treatment found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [178] 178. Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LS, Hoffman RS. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 11th ed. McGraw Hill; 2019. 247. Glasner-Edwards S, Mooney LJ. Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs. 2014;28(12):1115-1126. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 [PubMed: 25373627] 248. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The Methods section describes studies of suicide assessment, adolescent suicide attempters, and adolescent depression; it does not address standards of care for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. Searches for developmentally tailored adolescent and young-adult SUD interventions found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [179] 179. Grigg J, Manning V, Arunogiri S, et al. Methamphetamine Treatment Guidelines: Practice Guidelines for Health Professionals. 2nd ed. Turning Point; 2018. 249. Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, et al. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings From Three Multisite Studies With Adolescents and Adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(12):1266-1277. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704 [PubMed: 22193671] 250. Tang S, Jones CM, Wisdom A, Lin HC, Bacon S, Houry D. Adverse childhood experiences and stimulant use disorders among adults in the United States. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“the median age of initiation of cocaine and methamphetamine use is approximately 20 years.164,165”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [164] 164. Slopen N, Shonkoff JP, Albert MA, et al. Racial Disparities in Child Adversity in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(1):47-56. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013 [PubMed: 26342634] 219. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) 57: Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. SMA 13-4801. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2014. Accessed July 29, 2022. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-57-Trauma-Informed-Care-in-Behavioral-Health- Services/SMA14-4816 220. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Results passages discuss changes in methamphetamine use during interventions, not the age at which use began. Searches for the claimed median age and for age of first cocaine or methamphetamine use found no passage in our copy reporting an initiation age of approximately 20 years in the US. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  cites [165] 165. Pantalone DW, Nelson KM, Batchelder AW, Chiu C, Gunn HA, Horvath KJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of combination behavioral interventions co-targeting psychosocial syndemics and HIV-related health behaviors for sexual minority men. J Sex Res. 2020;57(6):681-708. doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1728514 [PubMed: 32077326] 221. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Some low-quality evidence suggests that patients may be at increased risk of return to use during the postpartum period; small studies in cocaine use disorder showed 27% and 41% of participants returned to use after 3 months and 2 years, respectively.202”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [202] 202. Palmer RS, McMahon TJ, Moreggi DI, Rounsaville BJ, Ball SA. College Student Drug Use: Patterns, Concerns, Consequences, and Interest in Intervention. J Coll Stud Dev. 2012;53(1):124- 132. doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0014 295. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“All states have laws that describe what minors may and may not consent to without parental/guardian approval, but there is tremendous variability between states.192,193”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [192] 192. Parker RB, Perry GY, Horan LG, Flowers NC. Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride on Reversing Cocaine-Induced Changes in the Electrocardiogram: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;34(6):864-869. doi:10.1097/00005344-199912000-00014 [PubMed: 10598131] 275. Wilson LD, Shelat C. Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate in a Canine Model of Severe Cocaine Intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(6):777-788. doi:10.1081/CLT-120025342 [PubMed: 14677787] 276. Wood DM, Dargan PI, Hoffman RS. Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to car source
• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction and Conclusion discuss drug-induced seizures and their management, not minors’ legal authority to consent. Searches for minor consent, parental approval, and variation in state laws found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [193] 193. Vaidya PH, Petare AU. Drugs implicated in seizures and its management. J Pharmacol Clin Res. 2017;3(2). doi:10.19080/JPCR.2017.03.555607 278. Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Anticonvulsant modification of cocaine-induced toxicity in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1990;29(3):255-259. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90010-O [PubMed: 2325832] 279. Chen HY, Albertson TE, Olson KR. Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):412-419. doi:10/f8b7r5 [PubMed: 26174744] 280. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Some states prohibit disclosure to parents/ guardians, some leave this to the clinician's discretion, and others require disclosure under certain circumstances.192,193”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [192] 192. Parker RB, Perry GY, Horan LG, Flowers NC. Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride on Reversing Cocaine-Induced Changes in the Electrocardiogram: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;34(6):864-869. doi:10.1097/00005344-199912000-00014 [PubMed: 10598131] 275. Wilson LD, Shelat C. Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate in a Canine Model of Severe Cocaine Intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(6):777-788. doi:10.1081/CLT-120025342 [PubMed: 14677787] 276. Wood DM, Dargan PI, Hoffman RS. Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to car source
• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction and Conclusion discuss drug-induced seizures and their management, not state rules on disclosure to parents or guardians. Searches for parental disclosure, clinician discretion, confidentiality, and state law found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [193] 193. Vaidya PH, Petare AU. Drugs implicated in seizures and its management. J Pharmacol Clin Res. 2017;3(2). doi:10.19080/JPCR.2017.03.555607 278. Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Anticonvulsant modification of cocaine-induced toxicity in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1990;29(3):255-259. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90010-O [PubMed: 2325832] 279. Chen HY, Albertson TE, Olson KR. Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):412-419. doi:10/f8b7r5 [PubMed: 26174744] 280. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The risk of developing postpartum depression in this population is nearly 20% and corresponds with higher rates of return to use.[203][204][205]”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Background discusses HIV risk among injection drug users and mentions depression only as a condition for which screening tools exist. Searches for postpartum depression, a nearly 20% risk, and return to use found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [203] 203. Smith DK, Pan Y, Rose CE, et al. A Brief Screening Tool to Assess the Risk of Contracting HIV Infection Among Active Injection Drug Users. J Addict Med. 2015;9(3):226-232. doi:10.1097/ ADM.0000000000000123 [PubMed: 25961495] 296. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] 204. Maxwell S, Shahmanesh M, Gafos M. Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;63:74-89. doi:10.1016/ j.drugpo.2018.11.014 [PubMed: 30513473] 297. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [205] 205. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Behavioral counseling interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;324(7):674. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.13095 [PubMed: 32809008] 298. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US Public Health Service: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States-2021 Uudate: A Clinical Practice Guideline. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2021. https:// www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2 source

In the paper

“Laws that penalize pregnant patients for substance use serve to prevent them from obtaining prenatal care and SUD treatment, which may worsen outcomes for both parent and child.198”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Aims and PICO Questions sections address medications for chronic insomnia in adults, not laws penalizing substance use during pregnancy. Searches for pregnancy-related penalties, prenatal care, and substance use disorder treatment found no passage addressing the attributed claim. The available passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [198] 198. Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(02):307-349. doi:10.5664/ jcsm.6470 [PubMed: 27998379] 288. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Suicide Assessment Five-step Evaluation and Triage (SAFE-T) SMA09-4432. Published online 2009. https://store.samhsa.gov/ sites/default/files/sma09-4432.pdf 289. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“current recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) that urine drug testing only be used in conjunction with a careful, confidential history and physical examination 188”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section (Characteristics of studies and patients; page unavailable) says the included studies used urine toxicology to assess recent cocaine use. Our copy does not address an American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation about pairing urine drug testing with a confidential history and physical examination; searches for that recommendation found no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [188] 188. Shin D, Lee ES, Bohra C, Kongpakpaisarn K. In-hospital and long-term outcomes of beta-blocker treatment in cocaine users: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Res. 2019;10(1):40- 47. doi:10.14740/cr831 [PubMed: 30834058] 270. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“some state laws address alcohol and substance use, while some specify only one or the other.192,193”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [192] 192. Parker RB, Perry GY, Horan LG, Flowers NC. Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride on Reversing Cocaine-Induced Changes in the Electrocardiogram: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;34(6):864-869. doi:10.1097/00005344-199912000-00014 [PubMed: 10598131] 275. Wilson LD, Shelat C. Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate in a Canine Model of Severe Cocaine Intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(6):777-788. doi:10.1081/CLT-120025342 [PubMed: 14677787] 276. Wood DM, Dargan PI, Hoffman RS. Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to car source
• ?Could not verify

  The Drug withdrawal inducing seizures section discusses alcohol withdrawal, and the Drugs Frequently Implicated in Drug Induced Seizures section lists substances associated with seizures. Neither addresses state laws or whether laws distinguish alcohol from other substance use. Searches for state laws and related legal terms found no relevant passage in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [193] 193. Vaidya PH, Petare AU. Drugs implicated in seizures and its management. J Pharmacol Clin Res. 2017;3(2). doi:10.19080/JPCR.2017.03.555607 278. Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Anticonvulsant modification of cocaine-induced toxicity in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1990;29(3):255-259. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90010-O [PubMed: 2325832] 279. Chen HY, Albertson TE, Olson KR. Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):412-419. doi:10/f8b7r5 [PubMed: 26174744] 280. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Further, both cisand transgender women are significantly more likely to participate in sex work, which increases risk for victimization.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Section 3.2.5 discusses safer sex practices and experiences of violence among safe-consumption-facility attenders, but not participation in sex work. Searches for sex work, cisgender and transgender women, and victimization found no passage supporting the claimed comparison or causal link. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  cites [211] 211. Dow-Fleisner SJ, Lomness A, Woolgar L. Impact of safe consumption facilities on individual and community outcomes: A scoping review of the past decade of research. Emerg Trends Drugs Addict Health. 2022;2:100046. doi:10.1016/j.etdah.2022.100046 312. Office of Public Affairs. Appellate Court Agrees with Government that Supervised Injection Sites are Illegal under Fedaral Law; Reverses District Court Ruling. Published January 13, 2021. Accessed August 8, 2023. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/appellate-court-agrees-government- supervised-injection-sites-are-illegal-under-federal-law 313. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [212] 212. Aspinall EJ, Nambiar D, Goldberg DJ, et al. Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):235-248. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt243 [PubMed: 24374889] 314. Bernard CL, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Brandeau ML. Estimation of the cost- effectiveness of HIV prevention portfolios for people who inject drugs in the United States: A model-based analysis. Tsai AC, ed. PLOS Med. 2017;14(5):e1002312. doi:10.1371/ journal.pmed.1002312 315. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Results and Table 1 report injecting risks and participants’ demographic characteristics, but do not compare cisgender and transgender women’s participation in sex work or discuss victimization from sex work. Searches of the full-text copy for “transgender,” “sex work,” and “victimization” found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [213] 213. Neaigus A, Zhao M, Gyarmathy VA, Cisek L, Friedman SR, Baxter RC. Greater Drug Injecting Risk for HIV, HBV, and HCV Infection in a City Where Syringe Exchange and Pharmacy Syringe Distribution are Illegal. J Urban Health. 2008;85(3):309-322. doi:10.1007/ s11524-008-9271-1 [PubMed: 18340537] 316. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Evidence is mixed regarding the effect of CM on prenatal care participation; studies have found either increased rates of attendance or no significant effect, with two low-quality studies showing a slight increase in attendance.201”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section on opioid-related care outcomes (page unavailable) examines prescription drug monitoring programs, including treatment admissions, not contingency management or prenatal care attendance. Searches for contingency management, prenatal care participation, and the claimed two low-quality studies found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [201] 201. Rhodes E, Wilson M, Robinson A, Hayden JA, Asbridge M. The effectiveness of prescription drug monitoring programs at reducing opioid-related harms and consequences: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):784. doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4642-8 [PubMed: 31675963] 294. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Racism and other forms of discrimination are traumatizing.215”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods > Independent Variables passage lists race/ethnicity as a demographic variable and trauma as part of a mental-health screener, but does not link them. Searches for racism, discrimination, and traumatic experiences found no passage in our copy saying that discrimination is traumatizing. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [215] 215. Surratt HL, Otachi JK, Williams T, Gulley J, Lockard AS, Rains R. Motivation to Change and Treatment Participation Among Syringe Service Program Utilizers in Rural Kentucky. J Rural Health. 2020;36(2):224-233. doi:10.1111/jrh.12388 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Limited data indicate that alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (eg, dexmedetomidine for more severe symptoms, clonidine for mild to moderate symptoms) are beneficial in treating stimulantinduced agitation and can also be useful in the treatment of hypertension and tachycardia and, thus, should be considered in the management of the hyperadrenergic state of stimulant intoxication.152,153”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section on pregnant and postpartum women with substance use disorders discusses vouchers for abstinence and treatment attendance, not medications for stimulant intoxication. Searches for alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, dexmedetomidine, clonidine, hypertension, tachycardia, and stimulant-induced agitation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [152] 152. Washio Y, Atreyapurapu S, Hayashi Y, et al. Systematic review on use of health incentives in U.S. to change maternal health behavior. Prev Med. 2021;145:106442. doi:10.1016/ j.ypmed.2021.106442 [PubMed: 33515587] 202. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] 153. Forray A, Merry B, Lin H, Ruger JP, Yonkers KA. Perinatal substance use: A prospective evaluation of abstinence and relapse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;150:147-155. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2015.02.027 [PubMed: 25772437] 203. Gopman S. Prenatal and Postpartum Care of Women with Substance Use Disorders. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(2):213-228. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.004 [PubMed: 24845486] 204. source

In the paper

“Evidence suggests that treatment should be initiated as soon as feasible for individuals in the criminal and/or legal systems, including within jails and prisons.187,227”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] 187. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW, et al. Cocaine-Induced Coronary-Artery Vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(23):1557-1562. doi:10.1056/NEJM198912073212301 [PubMed: 2573838] 269. source
• ?Could not verify

  The Study Design describes modafinil treatment during hospitalization for cocaine-dependent patients, not treatment in jails or prisons. Searches for criminal or legal systems, incarceration, and early treatment initiation found no passage addressing the claimed recommendation. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [227] 227. Karila L, Leroy C, Dubol M, et al. Dopamine Transporter Correlates and Occupancy by Modafinil in Cocaine-Dependent Patients: A Controlled Study With High-Resolution PET and [11C]- PE2I. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(9):2294-2302. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.28 [PubMed: 26892922] 343. Morgan PT, Pace-Schott E, Pittman B, Stickgold R, Malison RT. Normalizing Effects of Modafinil on Sleep in Chronic Cocaine Users. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(3):331-340. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050613 [PubMed: 20080983] 344. Morgan PT, Angarita GA, Canavan S, et al. Modafinil and sleep architecture in an inpati sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Recent research suggested that olanzapine or quetiapine may be preferred for the management of methamphetamine-induced psychosis; however, the evidence is considered low quality due to the studies' high risk of bias.150”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results and Discussion passages concern racial disparities in perinatal screening and care, not treatment of methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Searches for olanzapine, quetiapine, antipsychotic treatment, and low-quality evidence due to study bias found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [150] 150. Byrn MA, Buys EA, Mujahid M, Madsen K. Disparities in the provision of perinatal care based on patient race in the United States. Birth. 2023;50(3):627-635. doi:10.1111/birt.12717 [PubMed: 36945902] 200. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Clinicians should recognize that people with physical and cognitive disabilities have higher rates of StUD and lower rates of treatment engagement than those without these disabilities. 222,223”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The discussion of culture-related communication problems mentions physical ability but gives no rates of stimulant use disorder or treatment engagement for people with disabilities. Searches for those outcomes and for physical and cognitive disabilities found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [222] 222. Stubbe DE. Practicing Cultural Competence and Cultural Humility in the Care of Diverse Patients. Am Psychiatr Publ. 2020;18(1):49-51. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190041 329. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: For Healthcare and Addiction Professionals, Policymakers, Patients, and Families. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) No. 63. Published online 2021. Accessed March 3, 2023. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf 330. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA's Working Definiti sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [223] 223. US Department of Health and Human Services. Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. Published online 2016. Accessed August 23, 2023. https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-generals-report.pdf 332. US Department of Health and Human Services. Social Determinants of Health. Accessed August 23, 2023. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health 333. HealthIT.gov. Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed August 23, 2023. https:// www.healthit.gov/faq/what-telehealth 334. source

In the paper

“Among patients with lifetime ATS use disorder, 29.3% reported four or more ACEs, 28.7% reported two to three ACEs, 21.6% reported one ACE, and 20.4% reported no ACEs.250”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods (section 2.1; page unavailable) describe participants selected for current cocaine dependence, and the Measures (section 2.4; page unavailable) do not include adverse childhood experiences. Searches for the four percentages and for childhood experiences among people with lifetime ATS use disorder found no passage reporting the claimed distribution. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [250] 250. Mooney ME, Herin DV, Schmitz JM, Moukaddam N, Green CE, Grabowski J. Effects of oral methamphetamine on cocaine use: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;101(1-2):34-41. doi:10/bs7nzc [PubMed: 19058926] 382. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Individuals with SUD are at a significantly greater risk of overdose upon reentry; therefore, continuity of care is critical during this vulnerable period.229”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods and Materials > Treatment passage describes adherence support during a cocaine-dependence trial, and the Discussion addresses treatment outcomes. Searches for overdose upon reentry and continuity of care after reentry found no passage addressing either point; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [229] 229. Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Bisaga A, Nunes EV, Brooks DJ, Levin FR. Extended-Release Mixed Amphetamine Salts and Topiramate for Cocaine Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(11):950-956. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.032 [PubMed: 22795453] 349. Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Specker S, et al. Extended-Release Mixed Amphetamine Salts vs Placebo for Comorbid Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cocaine Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(6):593. doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2015.41 [PubMed: 25887096] 350. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“All evidence came from case reports and case series; cocaine-associated hypertensive emergencies were successfully treated with dexmedetomidine, and ATS-associated hypertensive emergencies were successfully treated with propranolol, sodium nitroprusside, nifedipine, labetalol, and phentolamine.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [152] 152. Washio Y, Atreyapurapu S, Hayashi Y, et al. Systematic review on use of health incentives in U.S. to change maternal health behavior. Prev Med. 2021;145:106442. doi:10.1016/ j.ypmed.2021.106442 [PubMed: 33515587] 202. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] 153. Forray A, Merry B, Lin H, Ruger JP, Yonkers KA. Perinatal substance use: A prospective evaluation of abstinence and relapse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;150:147-155. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2015.02.027 [PubMed: 25772437] 203. Gopman S. Prenatal and Postpartum Care of Women with Substance Use Disorders. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014;41(2):213-228. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.004 [PubMed: 24845486] 204. source

In the paper

“earlier identification of STIs is beneficial and reduces transmission.174”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods describe HIV and HCV testing among people who inject drugs, and the Results report infection prevalence. Neither section addresses whether earlier identification of STIs is beneficial or reduces transmission; searches for early identification and STI screening found no passage making that point. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [174] 174. Al-Tayyib A, Koester S, Langegger S, Raville L. Heroin and methamphetamine injection: An emerging dDrug use pattern. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(8):1051-1058. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1271432 [PubMed: 28323507] 235. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral Health Services for People Who Are Homeless. Advisory. Published online 2021. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/ default/files/pep20-06-04-003.pdf 236. US Department of Housing and Urban Developoment. House America. Accessed August 23, 2023. https://www.hud.gov/house_america 237. Substance Abuse and Mental Healt sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated the best effectiveness in the treatment of StUDs compared to any other intervention studied and represents the current standard of care.”

In the paper

“In this particular study, CM was effective for increasing treatment engagement, while the effects were less strong for the specific outcome of abstinence.61”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Meyers RJ, Roozen HG, Smith JE. The community reinforcement approach: an update of the evidence. Alcohol Res Health J Natl Inst Alcohol Abuse Alcohol. 2011;33(4):380-388.

In the paper

“There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for rhabdomyolysis or renal disease among patients who use stimulants.”

In the paper

“The CGC reviewed available evidence related to several medications that are not included in the recommendations in this section due to negative or insufficient evidence.”

In the paper

“Over 6% of new onset seizures are substance-related; in adults, 9% of status epilepticus is substance-induced.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [277]

In the paper

“A few pharmacotherapies have been investigated for the treatment of stimulant withdrawal; however, most of the studies are small and of low quality.”

In the paper

“Unfortunately, the CGC was not able to come to consensus on any validated screening instruments specific to stimulant use.”

In the paper

“Seizures can occur in association with methamphetamine use, with epileptic seizures being a frequent complication of methamphetamine intoxication.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [270]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [280]

In the paper

“The gray literature search identified multiple clinical guidelines that address pharmacological options for management of agitation and psychosis, including guidance from SAHMSA, AAFP, UNODC, and other international guidelines (see Appendix G). 187,243,244”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] 187. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW, et al. Cocaine-Induced Coronary-Artery Vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(23):1557-1562. doi:10.1056/NEJM198912073212301 [PubMed: 2573838] 269. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [243] 243. Miles SW, Sheridan J, Russell B, et al. Extended-release methylphenidate for treatment of amphetamine/methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: Methylphenidate in amphetamine dependence. Addiction. 2013;108(7):1279-1286. doi:10.1111/add.12109 [PubMed: 23297867] 372. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [244] 244. Minařík J, Gabrhelík R, Malcolm R, Pavlovská A, Miller P. Methylphenidate substitution for methamphetamine addiction and implications for future randomized clinical trials: a unique case series. J Subst Use. 2016;21(4):435-438. doi:10.3109/14659891.2015.1045047 373. source

In the paper

“However, given stimulants' proconvulsive activity, there is debate over whether all components of this evaluationwhich involves neurology consultation and evaluation, including electroencephalogram (EEG) follow-up testing-are necessary when the seizure is likely to be stimulant-induced.”

In the paper

“These findings varied by population studied (eg, festivals, people who inject drugs), and studies focused on opioid use, though people who use stimulants were not explicitly excluded.”

In the paper

“The CGC emphasized that there is currently debate within the field as to the utility of universal screening for ADHD”

In the paper

“While SCS are associated with a small reduction in infections, they are associated with a moderate reduction in risky injection behaviors and a moderate to large increase in SUD treatment initiation.311”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [311]

In the paper

“While rare in the US, supervised consumption sites (SCS) are effective at reducing the incidence of drug use-related morbidity and mortality.311”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [311]

In the paper

“SSPs are associated with safer injection technique; fewer wounds; and reductions in HIV, HCV, other blood-borne infections, and complicated infections.313- 317”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [313]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [314]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [315]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [316]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [317]

In the paper

“A nationally representative 2007 survey of Australian adults estimated that 50.4% of individuals who use stimulants nonmedically would develop a StUD within 14 years of onset of use.284”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [284]

In the paper

“Strong evidence exists that PrEP is effective at preventing HIV overall, as well as consistently across subgroups with the highest risk for HIV.321,322”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [321]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [322]

In the paper

“Unfortunately, the patient panel was not engaged to the degree initially hoped; only one patient panel member attended the scheduled meetings.”

In the paper

“The draft Guideline was sent out for public comment in May 2023.”

In the paper

“While the rate of cocaine use has been relatively flat, rates of cocaine use disorder, methamphetamine use, and methamphetamine use disorder are rising.[4][5][6][7]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [4][5][6][7]

In the paper

“Judgments were reviewed and discussed in subcommittee meetings and revised as appropriate based on the consensus of the subcommittee and/or CGC.”

In the paper

“In addition, there has been a large increase in the risk from use due to the increasing potency of illicit stimulants and the increasing use of stimulants in combination with opioids, which can increase toxicity.8”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. Drug Enforcement Administration. 2020 National Drug Threat Assessment. DEA-DCT- DIR-008-21; 2021. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/ DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf

In the paper

“When the draft Guideline was sent out for public comment, it was sent to these and other patient advocacy organizations, but no feedback was received.”

In the paper

“Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed by two independent senior members of the research team for inclusion in the literature review.”

In the paper

“A systematic literature review was conducted to support the GRADE evidence profiles used as part of the Guideline's development process.”

In the paper

“A survey distributed to the patient panel and the clinical experience of the CGC informed judgments about patient preferences for different intervention outcomes.”

In the paper

“None of the disclosures from the CGC were deemed to present significant conflicts of interest in relation to the recommendation statements.”

In the paper

“The most recent National Drug Threat Assessment from the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) reported stable or rising availability and potency and low prices for cocaine and methamphetamine that are expected to exacerbate these trends.8”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. Drug Enforcement Administration. 2020 National Drug Threat Assessment. DEA-DCT- DIR-008-21; 2021. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/ DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf

In the paper

“The certainty of the body of evidence (ie, compiled across evidence types) for each intervention and outcome pair was rated by one member of the research team as high, moderate, low, or very low based on the following indicators:”

In the paper

“The feasibility of interventions was determined primarily by the clinical experience of the CGC, as acceptability and feasibility were not targets of the literature review.”

In the paper

“Disclosures of interest for members of ASAM's QIC and Board of Directors and AAAP's Executive Committee were reviewed and no significant conflicts of interest were identified.”

In the paper

“At least 75% agreement among eligible voters was required to approve a recommendation.”

In the paper

“Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed by one senior member of the research team.”

In the paper

“Substantial barriers have limited implementation of CRA; it requires a great deal of resources and patient commitment relative to other behavioral interventions.66”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66] 66. Kadden RM, Carroll K, Donovan DM, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003. https:// pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/projectmatch/match03.pdf

In the paper

“Barriers to implementing CM include regulatory obstacles, financial costs, stakeholder buy-in, and program resources.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48][49][50][51]

In the paper

“Addressing these priorities would reduce regulatory and financial barriers and facilitate adoption of CM.”

In the paper

“Using an incentive value that is too low does not represent evidence-based practices and is unlikely to be effective; such implementations may lead decision-makers to erroneously conclude that CM is not effective.51”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] 51. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General. Medicare and state health care programs: Fraud and abuse; Revisions to safe harbors under the anti-kickback statute, and civil monetary penalty rules regarding beneficiary inducements; Final rule. Fed Regist. 2020;85(232):77684-77895.

In the paper

“CRA by definition needs to be tailored to contextual factors in the patient's environment, so any differences in behavioral or environmental concomitants of the substance being used should be addressed by the intervention.65”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [65] 65. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Accessed April 27, 2023. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/cognitive-behavioural- therapy#:~:text=%5Buncountable%5D,Join%20us

In the paper

“The CGC concluded that CRA is associated with apparent benefits and no known undesirable effects.”

In the paper

“CRA combined with CM appears to be effective for reduced stimulant use and treatment retention.”

In the paper

“On April 1, 2021, the federal government issued a statement on drug policy priorities, including goals to”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Rash CJ. Implementing an evidence-based prize contingency management protocol for stimulant use. J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2023;151:209079. doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209079 [PubMed: 37230390] source

In the paper

“ASAM and AAAP staff collated the public comments, and the CGC analyzed the feedback and made necessary revisions prior to finalization and publication.”

In the paper

“CRA is costly and labor intensive; funding and staff levels would have to be increased for adequate implementation.66”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66] 66. Kadden RM, Carroll K, Donovan DM, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003. https:// pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/projectmatch/match03.pdf

In the paper

“While CRA appears to be one of the more promising behavioral interventions for StUD, especially when combined with CM, it has not been widely implemented outside of research settings.66”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66] 66. Kadden RM, Carroll K, Donovan DM, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003. https:// pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/projectmatch/match03.pdf

In the paper

“A meta-analysis that analyzed 50 clinical studies on 12 different psychosocial interventions found that CM combined with CRA was the most efficacious treatment for StUD, especially cocaine use disorder.42”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. Brown HD, DeFulio A. Contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108307. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2020.108307 [PubMed: 33007699] source

In the paper

“Effective CM interventions are attentive to the schedule, magnitude, timing, and type of reinforcement; this can be cumbersome in busy treatment settings, but technology may ease the burden”

In the paper

“The CGC noted that while available research suggests CM alone is effective at promoting desired behaviors, patients with greater or more complex therapeutic needs are likely to benefit from additional behavioral interventions.”

In the paper

“The DSM classifies substance use disorders (including StUD) as mild, moderate, or severe based on how many of 11 criteria are met: mild StUD meets 2 to 3 criteria, moderate StUD meets 4 to 5 criteria, and severe StUD meets 6 or more criteria.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [18] 18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association; 2022.

In the paper

“Few settings have workforces that are appropriately trained to deliver CRA, and few experts are available to train clinicians in its delivery.66”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66] 66. Kadden RM, Carroll K, Donovan DM, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003. https:// pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/projectmatch/match03.pdf

In the paper

“Some evidence supports CBT as superior to usual treatment options, such as individual and group counseling, on stimulant use and abstinence outcomes during treatment and at follow-up, as well as for treatment retention.42,64”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. Brown HD, DeFulio A. Contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108307. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2020.108307 [PubMed: 33007699] source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [64] 64. Sánchez Hervás E, Zacarés Romaguera FD, García Rodríguez O, Secades Villa R, Fernández Hermida JR. Community reinforcement approach (CRA) for cocaine addicts: establishment in a public health setting. An Psiquiatr. 2008;24(4):153-158.

In the paper

“While individual studies had mixed results, a meta-analysis found bupropion to be superior to placebo on sustained (e.g., 3 or more weeks) cocaine abstinence (Castells, 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Castells, 2015

In the paper

“Telemedicine is also an important tool for expanding access to care, particularly in rural and underserved areas where SUD treatment services are limited.”

In the paper

“Topiramate is an anticonvulsant medication that is FDA-approved for the treatment of epilepsy and migraine.”

In the paper

“While evidence is strongest for cocaine use, the CGC has no reason to believe the effectiveness would be significantly different for ATS use.”

In the paper

“The CGC acknowledged that the existing evidence for treating StUD with medications is relatively low quality.”

In the paper

“Additionally, the lack of clinician interactions could make it more difficult to identify signs of decompensation, such as suicidal ideation or behavior.”

In the paper

“Bupropion is a dual dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that is FDA-approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation.106”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] 106. Insert. Bausch Health Comapnies Inc.; 1985. 112. Meldrum BS. Update on the Mechanism of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs. Epilepsia. 1996;37(s6):S4-S11. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb06038.x 113. Silberstein SD. Topiramate in Migraine Prevention: A 2016 Perspective. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2017;57(1):165-178. doi:10.1111/head.12997 114. source

In the paper

“While video-based telemedicine has not been studied in this population, the CGC noted that it is reasonable to think that it would perform similarly to audio-only telemedicine.”

In the paper

“The CGC underscored the superiority of CM as a primary component of treatment for StUD.”

In the paper

“Though both desirable and undesirable effects are small, the CGC concluded based on the meta-analysis that the potential benefits of bupropion outweigh the potential risks.”

In the paper

“There may be acceptability issues due to patients being uncomfortable appearing on camera.”

In the paper

“The recommendations for non-psychostimulant and psychostimulant medications have been categorized by substance type (ie, cocaine use disorder and ATS use disorder) due to their different pharmacological mechanisms of action, which may impact the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies.”

In the paper

“However, with the patient on camera, the clinician may be better able to detect signs of substance use and/or distress.”

In the paper

“In addition, methamphetamine's half-life of 10 to 12 hours is significantly longer than cocaine's 1-hour half-life, leading to more prolonged effects.105”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] 105. Rujescu D, Röttig S, Krause TJ. Bupropion and Depressions. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Mulsant B, Le W, Nagatsu T, eds. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer International Publishing; 2020:1- 10. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_83-1 111. Wellbutrin source

In the paper

“Despite the limitations of the evidence, the CGC agreed that medications may be helpful for some patients with StUD, particularly in the context of certain co-occurring disorders (see Cooccurring Disorders).”

In the paper

“Finally, the CGC noted that text messaging interventions for StUD are promising as add-on interventions; however, there is insufficient evidence to recommend them at this time.”

In the paper

“Cocaine and ATS both increase dopamine signaling in the brain 105 ; cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, whereas methamphetamine both increases dopamine release and blocks its reuptake, resulting in much higher concentrations.105”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] 105. Rujescu D, Röttig S, Krause TJ. Bupropion and Depressions. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Mulsant B, Le W, Nagatsu T, eds. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer International Publishing; 2020:1- 10. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_83-1 111. Wellbutrin source

In the paper

“Though both desirable and undesirable effects are small, the CGC concluded that the potential benefits of bupropion outweigh the potential risks.”

In the paper

“While clinical trials have evaluated both oral and injectable formulations of naltrexone for ATS use disorder, oral naltrexone has not been studied in combination with bupropion.120,121”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [120] 120. Martin D, Le JK. Amphetamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556103/?report=classic 142.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] 121. Cook J, Lloyd-Jones M, Arunogiri S, Ogden E, Bonomo Y. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(9):876-885. doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 [PubMed: 28639480] 143. source

In the paper

“The CGC noted that there is no reason to believe that oral naltrexone would be less effective in this population if the patient is adherent to treatment, although injectable medications can facilitate adherence.”

In the paper

“Despite these potential barriers, the CGC concluded that in certain patients, this treatment option may be useful in reducing ATS use and other co-occurring symptoms.”

In the paper

“Both studies-one open label and one RCT-included patients with moderate to severe methamphetamine use disorder.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [120] 120. Martin D, Le JK. Amphetamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556103/?report=classic 142.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] 121. Cook J, Lloyd-Jones M, Arunogiri S, Ogden E, Bonomo Y. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(9):876-885. doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 [PubMed: 28639480] 143. source

In the paper

“Topiramate has been shown to reduce alcohol use and is utilized off-label for treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD).116”

• Also stated in: § c. · plain

  “Topiramate has been shown to reduce alcohol use and is utilized off-label for treatment of AUD.116”

• Also stated in: § 17. · plain

  “Because topiramate has been shown to reduce alcohol use and is utilized off-label for treatment of AUD, the CGC agreed that combination topiramate and MAS-ER treatment could be given additional consideration for patients with co-occurring cocaine use disorder and AUD.138,139”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] 116. Castells X, Cunill R, Pérez-Mañá C, Vidal X, Capellà D. Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Published online September 27, 2016:9. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007380.pub4 133. source

In the paper

“Another multisite RCT found that while topiramate did not increase abstinence for the overall treatment group, it significantly reduced amount of methamphetamine use and recurrence of use in the subgroup of individuals who were abstinent at the start of treatment.123”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] 123. Torchalla I, Nosen L, Rostam H, Allen P. Integrated treatment programs for individuals with concurrent substance use disorders and trauma experiences: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;42(1):65-77. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.09.001 [PubMed: 22035700] 147. source

In the paper

“The evidence for topiramate in cocaine use disorder outcomes is mixed; a meta-analysis demonstrated a higher rate of continuous stimulant abstinence over three weeks with topiramate versus placebo.114”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] 114. Murillo-Rodríguez E, Barciela Veras A, Barbosa Rocha N, Budde H, Machado S. An Overview of the Clinical Uses, Pharmacology, and Safety of Modafinil. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018;9(2):151- 158. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00374 [PubMed: 29115823] 130. source

In the paper

“The CGC considered it appropriate to extend the evidence to other ATS use disorder populations because the pharmacotherapeutic mechanisms of effect are expected to be similar.”

In the paper

“The standard dosing of injectable naltrexone is every four weeks for the treatment of AUD and prevention of OUD recurrence.120,121”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [120] 120. Martin D, Le JK. Amphetamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556103/?report=classic 142.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] 121. Cook J, Lloyd-Jones M, Arunogiri S, Ogden E, Bonomo Y. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(9):876-885. doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 [PubMed: 28639480] 143. source

In the paper

“While bupropion and naltrexone are generally well tolerated, both studies reported a moderate number of adverse events.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [120] 120. Martin D, Le JK. Amphetamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556103/?report=classic 142.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] 121. Cook J, Lloyd-Jones M, Arunogiri S, Ogden E, Bonomo Y. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(9):876-885. doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 [PubMed: 28639480] 143. source

In the paper

“The combination of these medications would most likely be prescribed by an addiction specialist, potentially limiting access and increasing health inequities.”

In the paper

“Naltrexone is a mu opioid receptor antagonist that is FDA-approved for the treatment of AUD and OUD; its extended-release formulation is also approved for the prevention of OUD recurrence.122”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [122] 122. Verghese C, Abdijadid S. Methylphenidate. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482451/ 144. Ritalin [Package Insert]. Novartis; 1955. 145. Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, Bisson JI. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010204.pub2 146. source

In the paper

“While the CGC judged that the evidence only somewhat favors topiramate, they concluded that topiramate might be considered for patients with cocaine use disorder, especially those who are highly motivated to achieve abstinence.”

In the paper

“In the open label trial, naltrexone was administered every four weeks, whereas in the RCT it was administered every three weeks to reduce potential blood level fluctuations.120,121”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [120] 120. Martin D, Le JK. Amphetamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556103/?report=classic 142.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] 121. Cook J, Lloyd-Jones M, Arunogiri S, Ogden E, Bonomo Y. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(9):876-885. doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 [PubMed: 28639480] 143. source

In the paper

“Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting medication used in the treatment of narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work-related sleep disorder.129”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [129] 129. Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ. Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;150:1-13. doi:10/f69r7s [PubMed: 25724076] 153.

In the paper

“Integrated treatment of StUD and co-occurring mental health conditions is expected to be more convenient and cost-effective for patients than parallel or sequential treatment models, with benefits likely to largely outweigh risks or harms.”

In the paper

“Prescription amphetamine formulations are FDA-approved for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [141] 141. Dalton K, Bishop L, Darcy S. Investigating interventions that lead to the highest treatment retention for emerging adults with substance use disorder: A systematic review. Addict Behav. 2021;122:107005. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107005 [PubMed: 34119856] 181. Hogue A, Henderson CE, Becker SJ, Knight DK. Evidence Base on Outpatient Behavioral Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use, 2014-2017: Outcomes, Treatment Delivery, and Promising Horizons. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Off J Soc Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Am Psychol Assoc Div 53. 2018;47(4):499-526. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1466307 source

In the paper

“Included studies are not specific to StUD and include approaches that target mixed SUDs and co-occurring depression, anxiety disorders, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); findings are mixed, but some benefits in reduction of substance use or psychiatric symptoms likely apply to populations with StUD.[145][146][147][148][149]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [145] 145. Sharko M, Jameson R, Ancker JS, Krams L, Webber EC, Rosenbloom ST. State-by-State Variability in Adolescent Privacy Laws. Pediatrics. 2022;149(6):e2021053458. doi:10.1542/ peds.2021-053458 [PubMed: 35531640] 190. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] 146. Weddle M, Kokotailo P. Confidentiality and Consent in Adolescent Substance Abuse: An Update. AMA J Ethics. 2005;7(3):239-243. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2005.7.3.pfor1-0503 191. source
• ?Not matched

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  cites [147] 147. Slisz K. Protecting minors with substance use disorders: A closer look at the relationship of confidentiality with treatment options. Indiana J Law Soc Equal. 2020;8(2). 192. Weisleder P. Inconsistency among American states on the age at which minors can consent to substance abuse treatment. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35(3):317-322. [PubMed: 17872552] 193.

In the paper

“it is likely that many of the benefits observed in adults over 18 years of age would be expected in older adolescents (ie, 16-and 17-year-olds).”

In the paper

“Current data suggest that family therapy can be more effective than other therapeutic modalities in reducing substance use in adolescents and young adults with SUDs, but this research is not specific for StUD.182”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] 182. McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine "body packer" syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 1983;250(11):1417-1420. [PubMed: 6887463] 255. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing--the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(26):2519-2526. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022719 [PubMed: 14695412] 256. Chai PR, Bastan W, Machan J, Hack JB, Babu KM. Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users. Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(11):1141-1147. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01202.x 257. Pope JD, Drummer OH, Schneider HG. False-Positive Amphetamines in U source

In the paper

“3.7% reported nonmedical use of prescription stimulants”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [163] 163. Maguire-Jack K, Lanier P, Lombardi B. Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(1):106-114. doi:10.1037/ort0000405 [PubMed: 30816722] 218. source

In the paper

“The CGC's clinical experience suggested that the involvement of family members is often beneficial in the treatment of adolescents and young adults with SUDs, and trusted adults should be incorporated when appropriate.187”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] 187. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW, et al. Cocaine-Induced Coronary-Artery Vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(23):1557-1562. doi:10.1056/NEJM198912073212301 [PubMed: 2573838] 269. source

In the paper

“the CGC noted that few such programs exist, depending on the region”

In the paper

“Use of extended-release ‡ ‡ or prodrug formulations can mitigate risks related to misuse and the addictive potential of prescription stimulants by producing less rapid onset of effect, maintaining more steady serum levels of medication, and/or preventing or reducing effects when alternative routes of administration are used.”

In the paper

“given the success in reducing other substance use, the CGC inferred that family therapy could also be effective and appropriate to recommend for adolescents and young adults with StUD who consent to family therapy.”

In the paper

“drug testing may result in false negatives and positives”

In the paper

“Although no clinical trials have been conducted that examine StUD treatment outcomes when underlying ADHD or eating disorders are treated”

In the paper

“0.5% reported use of methamphetamine in the past year. 163”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [163] 163. Maguire-Jack K, Lanier P, Lombardi B. Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(1):106-114. doi:10.1037/ort0000405 [PubMed: 30816722] 218. source

In the paper

“Adolescent patients may be understandably hesitant to participate in CM as part of StUD treatment because they do not want their parents/ guardians to be informed of positive results.”

In the paper

“the CGC recognized that family involvement can enhance both engagement and efficacy of treatment in adult populations”