How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It

Cited by (793)

Items 101–200 of 793

1. Frames that matter: Increasing the willingness to get the Covid-19 vaccines
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2. Are Policy Analogies Persuasive? The Household Budget Analogy and Public Support for Austerity
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3. White by Another Name? Can Anti-Christian Bias Claims Serve as a Racial Dog Whistle?
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4. Can the use of minipublics backfire? Examining how policy adoption shapes the effect of minipublics on political support among the general public
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5. Vaccine nationalism among the public: A cross-country experimental evidence of own-country bias towards COVID-19 vaccination
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6. Elite communication and affective polarization among voters
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7. Education and Attitudes toward Redistribution in the United States
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8. Positional, Mobility, and Reference Effects: How Does Social Class Affect Life Satisfaction in Europe?
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9. Institutional Quality Causes Generalized Trust: Experimental Evidence on Trusting under the Shadow of Doubt
   Andrea Martinangeli, Marina Povitkina, Sverker C. Jagers, Bo Rothstein · 2023 · American Journal of Political Science
10. Are the effects of servant leadership only spurious? The state of research on the causal effects of servant leadership, recommendations, and an illustrative experiment
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11. Modeling gender counter-stereotypic group behavior: a brief video intervention reduces participation gender gaps on STEM teams
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12. Adaptive Experimental Design: Prospects and Applications in Political Science
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13. No Evidence that Measuring Moderators Alters Treatment Effects
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14. Bias mitigation in empirical peace and conflict studies: A short primer on posttreatment variables
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15. How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust
    Emily A. Thorson · 2024 · Cambridge University Press eBooks
16. Teflon Don or Politics as Usual? An Examination of Foreign Policy Flip-Flops in the Age of Trump
    Jared A. McDonald, Sarah Elizabeth Croco, Candace Turitto · 2019 · The Journal of Politics
17. Whose policy is it anyway? Public support for clean energy policy depends on the message and the messenger
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18. Phantom Counterfactuals
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19. Who Gets What: The Economy, Relative Gains and Brexit
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20. Moral Logics of Support for Nonviolent Resistance: Evidence From a Cross-National Survey Experiment
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21. Framed National Images Influence Policy Attitudes Among Targeted Foreign Citizens
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22. Causal interaction and effect modification: same model, different concepts
    Luke J Keele, Randolph T. Stevenson · 2020 · Political Science Research and Methods
23. No Gender Bias in Audience Perceptions of Male and Female Experts in the News: Equally Competent and Persuasive
    Katrine Greve-Poulsen, Frederik Kjøller Larsen, Rasmus T. Pedersen · 2021 · The International Journal of Press/Politics
24. Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries
    Hendrik Bruns, François J. Dessart, Michal Wiktor Krawczyk, Stephan Lewandowsky, Myrto Pantazi, Gordon Pennycook, Philipp Schmid, Laura Smillie · 2024 · Scientific Reports
25. Regression Adjustments for Estimating the Global Treatment Effect in Experiments with Interference
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26. The Impacts of Noise Exposure on the Middle Ear Muscle Reflex in a Veteran Population
    Naomi F. Bramhall, Kelly M. Reavis, M. Patrick Feeney · 2022 · American Journal of Audiology
27. A randomized controlled trial of a video intervention shows evidence of increasing COVID-19 vaccination intention
    Leah S. Witus, Erik W. Larson · 2022 · PLoS ONE
28. Are we all Charlie? How media priming and framing affect immigration policy preferences after terrorist attacks
    Øyvind Bugge Solheim · 2019 · West European Politics
29. The limited effects of partisan and consensus messaging in correcting science misperceptions
    Vignesh Chockalingam, Victor Yuhang Wu, Nicolas Berlinski, Zoe Chandra, Amy Hu, Erik Jones, Justin Kramer, Xiaoqiu Steven Li, Thomas Monfre, Yong Sheng Ng et al. · 2021 · Research & Politics
30. “Restrict foreigners, not robots”: Partisan responses to automation threat
    Nicole Wu · 2022 · Economics and Politics
31. The use of experimental vignettes in studying police procedural justice: a systematic review
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32. The El Niño impact on maize yields is amplified in lower income teleconnected countries
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33. Does Lobbying Affect Bill Advancement? Evidence from Three State Legislatures
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34. Russian Meddling in U.S. Elections: How News of Disinformation’s Impact Can Affect Trust in Electoral Outcomes and Satisfaction with Democracy
    Andrew R. N. Ross, Cristian Vaccari, Andrew Chadwick · 2022 · Mass Communication & Society
35. The cultural origins of institutional trust: The case of the European Central Bank
    Siria Angino, Federico Maria Ferrara, Stefania Secola · 2021 · European Union Politics
36. Inferring the causal effect of work zones on crashes: Methodology and a case study
    Zhuoran Zhang, Burcu Akinci, Sean Qian · 2021 · Analytic Methods in Accident Research
37. Dealing with declining dominance: White identification and anti-immigrant hostility in the US
    Megan Earle, Gordon Hodson · 2022 · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
38. Social Capital Accumulation through Social Media Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment and Individual-Level Panel Data
    Michael Weiler, Simon Stolz, Andreas Lanz, Christian Schlereth, Oliver Fast Hinz · 2022 · MIS Quarterly
39. Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?
    Ray Block, Charles David Crabtree, John B Holbein, J. Quin Monson · 2021 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
40. Does News Frame Affect Free Movement Attitudes? A Comparative Analysis
    Nora Theorin, Christine E. Meltzer, Sebastian Galyga, Jesper Strömbäck, Christian Schemer, Jakob‐Moritz Eberl, Fabienne Lind, Tobias Heidenreich, Hajo G. Boomgaarden · 2021 · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
41. A crisis in my community? Local-level awareness of the opioid epidemic and political consequences
    Sarah Elizabeth Gollust, Jake Haselswerdt · 2021 · Social Science & Medicine
42. Personalized Security Messaging: Nudges for Compliance with Browser Warnings
    Nathan Malkin, Arunesh Mathur, Marian Harbach, Serge Egelman · 2017 · European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC)
43. Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus
    Eric Merkley · 2019 · Public Opinion Quarterly
44. Looking our limitations in the eye: A call for more thorough and honest reporting of study limitations
    Beth Clarke, Lindsay J. Alley, Sakshi Ghai, Jessica Kay Flake, Julia M. Rohrer, Joseph P. Simmons, Sarah R. Schiavone, Simine Vazire · 2024 · Social and Personality Psychology Compass
45. Algorithmic discrimination in public service provision: Understanding citizens’ attribution of responsibility for human versus algorithmic discriminatory outcomes
    Saar Alon‐Barkat, Madalina Busuioc, Kayla Schwoerer, Kristina Sabrina Weißmüller · 2025 · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
46. Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2023 · BMC Medicine
47. Polarization, Participation, and Premiums: How Political Behavior Helps Explain Where the ACA Works, and Where It Doesn't.
    Samuel Trachtman · 2019 · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law
48. The relative effects of access to public greenspace and private gardens on mental health
    Rebecca Collins, Dianna M. Smith, Booker Ogutu, Kerry A. Brown, Felix Eigenbrod, Rebecca Spake · 2023 · Landscape and Urban Planning
49. Does enforcement style influence citizen trust in regulatory agencies? An experiment in six countries
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50. Political ideology and trust in scientists in the USA
    Vukašin Gligorić, Gerben Alexander Van Kleef, Bastiaan T. Rutjens · 2025 · Nature Human Behaviour
51. A Field Experiment on the Effects of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status on the Quality of Representation
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52. Beyond Overall Treatment Effects: Leveraging Covariates in Randomized Experiments Guided by Causal Structure
    Ali Tafti, Galit Shmueli A · 2019 · Information Systems Research
53. Can Conservatives Be Persuaded? Framing Effects on Support for Universal Basic Income in the US
    Eddy S. F. Yeung · 2022 · Political Behavior
54. Trial and error: hate speech prosecution and its (unintended) effects on democratic support
    Lisanne Wichgers, Laura Jacobs, Joost van Spanje · 2020 · Acta Politica
55. How often does random assignment fail? Estimates and recommendations
    Matthew H. Goldberg · 2019 · Journal of Environmental Psychology
56. Measuring Simultaneous Emotions: Existing Problems and a New Way Forward
    Matthew Rhodes-Purdy, Rachel Navarre, Stephen Utych · 2020 · Journal of Experimental Political Science
57. Cognitive Effects of Inattentive Responding in an MTurk Sample
    Jimin Pyo, Michael G. Maxfield · 2021 · Social Science Quarterly
58. Antidiscrimination Interventions, Political Ads on Transgender Rights, and Public Opinion: Results From Two Survey Experiments on Adults in the United States
    Andrew R. Flores, Donald P. Haider‐Markel, Daniel C. Lewis, Patrick Miller, Jami Kathleen Taylor · 2021 · Frontiers in Psychology
59. Optimism where there is none: Asymmetric belief updating observed with valence-neutral life events.
    Jason W. Burton, A. Harris, Punit Shah, U. Hahn · 2021 · Cognition
60. The effect of human versus automated interaction on willingness to participate in government programs: The role of representation
    Susan M. Miller, Miyeon Song, Lael R. Keiser · 2022 · Public Administration
61. Se Habla Español: Spanish-Language Appeals and Candidate Evaluations in the United States
    Marques G. Zárate, Enrique Quezada-Llanes, Angel D. Armenta · 2023 · American Political Science Review
62. Masks and racial stereotypes in a pandemic: the case for surgical masks
    Leah Christiani, Christopher J. Clark, Steven Greene, Marc J. Hetherington, Emily Wager · 2021 · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics
63. Victim or Threat? Shipwrecks, Terrorist Attacks, and Asylum Decisions in France
    Mathilde Emeriau · 2024 · American Journal of Political Science
64. Ecology needs a causal overhaul
    Daniel Wayne Franks, Graeme D. Ruxton, Tom N. Sherratt · 2025 · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
65. Why Retractions of Numerical Misinformation Fail: The Anchoring Effect of Inaccurate Numbers in the News
    Marlis Stubenvoll, Jörg Matthes · 2021 · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
66. Honestly hungry: Acute hunger does not increase unethical economic behaviour
    Christian Truelsen Elbæk, Panagiotis Mitkidis, Lene Aarøe, Tobias Otterbring · 2022 · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
67. Receiving Foreign Aid Can Reduce Support for Incumbent Presidents
    Ryan C. Briggs · 2018 · Political Research Quarterly
68. Does tipping facilitate sexual objectification? The effect of tips on sexual harassment of bar and restaurant servers
    Olivier Klein, Camila Arnal, Sarah R. Eagan · 2020 · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal
69. The effects of racial status threat on White Americans’ support for Donald Trump: Results of five experimental tests
    Sheridan A. Stewart, Robb Willer · 2021 · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
70. The Unfulfilled Promise of Longitudinal Designs for Causal Inference
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71. Measuring Attentiveness in Self-Administered Surveys
    Adam J. Berinsky, Alejandro Frydman, Michele F. Margolis, Michael Sances, Diana Camilla Valerio · 2024 · Public Opinion Quarterly
72. Bayesian Model Selection, Model Comparison, and Model Averaging
    Florian M Hollenbach, Jacob Montgomery · 2020 · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks
73. Rejecting Ethnic Pandering in Urban Africa: A Survey Experiment on Voter Preferences in Nairobi, Kenya
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74. Climate change messages can promote support for climate action globally
    Matthew Thomas Ballew, Laura Thomas‐Walters, Matthew H. Goldberg, Marija Verner, Jessica Lu, JOHN H. MARSHALL, Seth A. Rosenthal, Anthony Leiserowitz · 2024 · Global Environmental Change
75. Strategic Violence during Democratization: Evidence from Myanmar
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76. Changing Votes, Changing Identities?
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77. The recommendation for learners to be provided with control over their feedback schedule is questioned in a self-controlled learning paradigm
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78. Impact of Social Reference Cues on Misinformation Sharing on Social Media: Series of Experimental Studies
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79. A critical evaluation and research agenda for the study of psychological dispositions and political attitudes
    Kevin Arceneaux, Bert N. Bakker, Neil Fasching, Yphtach Lelkes B · 2024 · Political Psychology
80. The Difference Between Causal Analysis and Predictive Models: Response to “Comment on Young and Holsteen (2017)”
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81. TRENDS : How Internet Search Undermines the Validity of Political Knowledge Measures
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82. White Health Benefits of Histories of Enslavement: The Case of Opioid Deaths
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83. Ethnonationalism and White immigration attitudes
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84. Pay, talk or ‘whip’ to conserve forests: Framed field experiments in Zambia
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85. Survivorship Bias in Comparative Politics: Endogenous Sovereignty and the Resource Curse
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86. Social Network Positions, Peer Effects, and Evaluation Updating: An Experimental Test in the Entrepreneurial Context
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87. Do high electricity bills undermine public support for renewables? Evidence from the European Union
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88. Fact-checking Trump’s election lies can improve confidence in U.S. elections: Experimental evidence
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89. Race, Prejudice and Support for Racial Justice Countermovements: The Case of “Blue Lives Matter”
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90. Bribery, insecurity, and firm performance: Evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria
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91. An Experimental Study of Structural Diversity in Social Networks
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92. Third-Party Policing Approaches Against Organized Crime: An Evaluation of the Yakuza Exclusion Ordinances
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93. How Much Is a Trump Endorsement Worth?
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94. The role of conflict framing and social identity in public opinion about land use change: An experimental test in the Australian context
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95. Portrayals of gun violence victimization and public support for firearm policies: an experimental analysis
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96. Social conformity or attitude persistence? The bandwagon effect and the spiral of silence in a polarized context
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97. Long-term effects of China’s One Village One Preschool program on elementary academic achievement
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98. Citizen Evaluations of Legislator–Constituent Communication
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99. TRENDS: The Supreme Court’s (Surprising?) Indifference to Public Opinion
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100. Do voters want domestic politicians to scrutinize the European Union?
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