How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It

Montgomery, Jacob M., Nyhan, Brendan, Torres, Michelle·2018·American Journal of Political Science
DOI 10.1111/ajps.12357

Cited by (793)

Items 701–793 of 793

  1. Conflicted Correctors
    Leticia Bode, Emily K. Vraga · 2025 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  2. Conclusions
    Leticia Bode, Emily K. Vraga · 2025 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  3. List of Tables
    Leticia Bode, Emily K. Vraga · 2025 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  4. Copyright Page
    Leticia Bode, Emily K. Vraga · 2025 · Oxford University Press eBooks
  5. Generalizing Trimming Bounds for Endogenously Missing Outcome Data Using Random Forests
    Cyrus Samii, Ye Wang, Junlong Aaron Zhou · 2025 · Political Analysis
  6. The political legacy of Nazi concentration camps: the case of the Netherlands
    Steven Otterman · 2025 · Comparative European Politics
  7. Polarization but not populism strengthens the association between presidential election results and emotions
    Dahjin Kim, Taishi Muraoka, Christopher Lucas, Jacob Montgomery, Margit Tavits · 2025 · Political Science Research and Methods
  8. A Causal Analysis of Five Population-Wide Health Interventions: Evidence From New Zealand Panel Data
    J. Kempthorne · 2025 · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare)
  9. Estimating the Local Average Treatment Effect Without the Exclusion Restriction
    Zachary D. Markovich · 2025 · Political Analysis
  10. Competent and influential: how do voters evaluate women prime ministers?
    Andra Pascu-Lindner, Kaitlin Senk · 2025 · European Journal of Politics and Gender
  11. The Gendered Risks of Violating Expectations and the Importance of Information for Women Candidates
    Tessa Ditonto, David J. Andersen, David A. M. Peterson · 2025 · Politics & Gender
  12. A Waste of Time? Partisan Deliberative Bias as a Barrier to Political Crosstalk
    Bryan McLaughlin, Nathaniel Geiger, Pedro H. P. Rocha · 2025 · Political Behavior
  13. Stop Adjusting for Anything: How the Backdoor and Adjustment Criteria Empower Causal Occupant-Centric Research
    Jian PAN, Matteo Favero, Andrew J. Sonta, Ruiji Sun, Julia Damrath, Marcel Schweiker · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  14. Can Authoritarians’ Electoral Success Abroad Change Citizens’ Satisfaction with Democracy?
    K. Chan · 2025 · Political Behavior
  15. Toward a Posthumanist Understanding of Wartime Suffering: Public Concern for Animal Welfare in Ukraine
    Sam Whitt, Vera Mironova · 2025 · Perspectives on Politics
  16. Zero-Sum Thinking and the Cultural Threat of Muslim Religious Rights
    Marc Helbling, Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Richard Traunmueller · 2025 · Comparative Political Studies
  17. Historical bombings, urban community, and prosociality: Application of the First internet lab-in-the-field experiment
    Masataka Harada, Ryo Mikami, Natsumi Shimada · 2025 · World Development
  18. Pushing Past News Avoidance: Implications of Mobile Alerts on News Engagement Intentions
    Renée Barnes, Rory Francis Mulcahy, Aimee S. Riedel · 2025 · Mobile Media & Communication
  19. Tick size increase and default risk of small-cap U.S. firms: Evidence from a natural experiment
    Adnan Ashraf, Muhammad Saleem, Baolei Qi · 2025 · Journal of Financial Markets
  20. Congenial messages from politicians reduce affective polarization among citizens
    Rasmus T. Pedersen, Julian Christensen, Niels Bjørn Grund Petersen · 2025 · European Journal of Political Research
  21. Enemies Abroad, Animosity at Home: Media Influence on U.S.-China Policy and Anti-Asian Sentiment
    Siyu Liang · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  22. District Size and Proximity to the Pork Barrel in Congressional Elections
    Brian T. Hamel, Lanie Richards · 2025 · Legislative Studies Quarterly
  23. Public Budget Cuts: Political Communication Strategies and Citizen Reactions
    Rasmus T. Pedersen, Paw Hansen · 2025 · Political Studies
  24. Good Sports or Sore Losers: Sports Fans and Perceptions of Election Legitimacy
    Alex Tolkin · 2025 · Political Behavior
  25. Susceptibility to Moral Arguments Among Liberals and Conservatives
    Fredrik Jansson, Pontus Strimling · 2025 · Public Opinion Quarterly
  26. Political belief bias: the role of analytic thinking and valuing epistemic rationality
    Sinem Yilmaz, Tomas Ståhl · 2025 · Thinking & Reasoning
  27. Impact of messaging treatments on stages of change in relational organizing for climate-friendly plant-based diets
    Laura Thomas‐Walters, Gregg Sparkman, Jessica Bell Rizzolo, Courtney Dillard, Samantha Sekar, Megan S. Jones · 2025 · PLOS Climate
  28. Moral language and Moore’s Paradox: Challenging moral expressivism
    Pascale Willemsen, Lucien Baumgartner · 2025 · Cognition
  29. Stepping Up the Political Ladder: How the Burden of Fundraising Limits Candidate Entry
    William Marble, Nathan R. Lee, Curtis Bram · 2025 · Political Behavior
  30. Marketing AI Superiority: Risks of Using the “Better-Than-Human” Framing
    Andrea Weihrauch, Chunya Xie · 2025 · Journal of Interactive Marketing
  31. Do Racial Justice Frames Increase Support Among Democratic Constituencies? Evidence from Two Survey Experiments during the 2020 Georgia Senate Runoffs
    Tabitha Bonilla, Alvin Bernard Tillery · 2025 · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics
  32. Design effects in the developing context: lessons from a paradoxical list experiment on corruption in Egypt
    Ashraf Momtaz, S. Liu · 2025 · China Economic Journal
  33. Choosing Public or Private Action: Evidence from a Student-Based Experiment in 2017
    Julia Valdes · 2025 · Social Sciences
  34. Additional file 1 of Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2024 · Figshare
  35. Additional file 2 of Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2024 · Figshare
  36. Additional file 5 of Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2024 · Figshare
  37. Additional file 4 of Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2024 · Figshare
  38. Can Reflection Mitigate COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs and Hesitancy?
    Saribay, Selahattin Adil, Nagihan Özman, Ozan İşler, Fatih Bayrak, Emre Kayatepe, Yilmaz, Onurcan · 2024 · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
  39. Additional file 3 of Have there been sustained impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in smoking prevalence, uptake, quitting, use of treatment, and relapse? A monthly population study in England, 2017–2022
    Sarah E. Jackson, Harry Tattan‐Birch, Lion Shahab, Emma Beard, Jamie Brown · 2024 · Figshare
  40. Generating the Past: How Artificial Intelligence Summaries of Historical Events Affect Knowledge
    Daniel Karell, Matthew Shu, Thomas Davidson, Keitaro Okura · 2025 · Social Science Computer Review
  41. Subverting democracy in the name of democracy
    Alexander Bor, Honorata Mazepus · 2026 · Democratization
  42. Are voters less likely to support politicians when they wear face masks?
    Kiho Muroga, Charles David Crabtree · 2025 · Japanese Journal of Political Science
  43. A show for us: how racial and partisan cues about television audiences affect exposure intentions
    Stewart M. Coles · 2025 · Human Communication Research
  44. Beyond the ballot box: the effect of election violence on electoral participation in Africa
    Inken Von Borzyskowski, Michael Wahman · 2026 · Journal of Peace Research
  45. Reassessing Support for Political Aggression and Violence in the United States
    Scott Clifford, L. Gómez López, Lucas J. Lothamer · 2025 · Public Opinion Quarterly
  46. Immigration Enforcement and Hispanic Identity
    Hussain Hadah, Augustine Denteh · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  47. Differential Effects of Counter-Stereotypical Portrayals of Warmth Across Racial Groups: Behavioral and Experimental Evidence
    Xun Zhu, Youllee Kim, Huai-yu Chen · 2026 · Communication Research
  48. Can Disclaimers of Affiliation Dispel Trademark Confusion? Evidence From Two Randomized Experiments
    Barton Beebe, Roy Germano, Joel H. Steckel · 2026 · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
  49. Trading peace for hazard management? peace agreement implementation and United Nations peace operations during natural hazards
    Wakako Maekawa, Theodora-Ismene Gizelis · 2026 · World Development
  50. User Acceptance and Perceptions of Earthquake Early Warning Systems as a Function of Information Type: The Case of Postearthquake Nepal
    Shana Scogin, Sagar Khanal, Saphal Joshi, Rachael Lau · 2026 · Earthquake Spectra
  51. Concerning, but do we need policy reform? An experimental analysis of public reactions to accurate statistics on deaths caused by police officers and medical professionals
    Hunter M. Boehme, Brandon Tregle, Justin Nix · 2026 · Journal of Experimental Criminology
  52. The impact of unelected representatives on citizens’ satisfaction with democracy: A cross-national survey experiment
    Pieter de Wilde, Andrea Vik, Lene Aarøe, Oliver Treib · 2026 · European Journal of Political Research
  53. The compass of violence : prosperity, decline and the ideological orientation of radical movements
    Simon Varaine · 2020 · theses.fr (ABES)
  54. Learning interpretable causal networks from very large datasets, application to 400,000 medical records of breast cancer patients
    Marcel da Câmara Ribeiro-Dantas · 2022
  55. Political Identity Moderators of Partisan-Based Motivated Reasoning in Perceiving Political Incivility
    Robin Stryker, Vasundhara Kaul, Bethany Anne Conway · 2026 · Frontiers in sociology and social research
  56. Visible expressions of Islam in public space affect Muslim immigrants’ place integration
    Pazit Ben‐Nun Bloom, Amit Birenboim, Nonna Mayer, Gizem Arıkan · 2026 · Nature Cities
  57. A straightforward trajectory strengthens support for the transition away from natural gas: a population-based survey experiment in the Netherlands
    Kjell Noordzij, Joost Oude Groeniger, Willem de Koster · 2026 · Energy Research & Social Science
  58. Less Happy, Though More Educated: What Explains Lower Life Satisfaction Among Highly Educated First‐Generation Immigrants in Highly Prosperous Countries?
    Samitha Udayanga · 2026 · International Social Science Journal
  59. How descriptive over- and under-representation impacts citizens’ evaluations of decision-making across policy domains
    Verena Reidinger, Lucas Leemann, Jonathan B. Slapin · 2026 · Political Science Research and Methods
  60. Scientific consensus communication about contested science: A preregistered meta-analysis
    Jonathan van ‘t Riet, Harm Veling, Jonathan van 't Riet, Gabi Schaap, Moniek Buijzen · 2026 · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
  61. Love Blinds? Winners, In-Party Favoritism, and Support for Violations of Democratic Norms
    Yu-Shiuan Huang · 2026 · British Journal of Political Science
  62. Europeanisation under fire: Minority rights and the limits of EU norm diffusion in wartime Ukraine
    Lesley-Ann Daniels, Marc Sanjaume‐Calvet · 2026 · European Union Politics
  63. From Training to Influence: The Role of U.S. Military Training in Turkish Officers’ Decisions
    İlker Kalın, Carla Martínez Machain · 2026 · Journal of Conflict Resolution
  64. The Sound of Silence: Championing Democracy in an Authoritarian Society
    Haifeng Huang · 2026 · Perspectives on Politics
  65. Think-Aloud or Crowdsourcing: How Study Methods Influence Credibility Assessments of Misinformation on Social Media
    Waheeb Yaqub, Micah B. Goldwater, Judy Kay · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  66. Why Training Paradigms Won’t Rescue Experimental Metaethics
    Lance S. Bush · 2026 · Review of Philosophy and Psychology
  67. Unpacking transparency in nudging: the impact of different disclosure messages on nudge effectiveness and perceived autonomy
    Robin Cuypers, Pieter Raymaekers, Steven Van de Walle · 2026 · Behavioural Public Policy
  68. Cumulative electoral participation and procedural differentiation among migrants from authoritarian contexts
    Seungwoo Han · 2026 · Japanese Journal of Political Science
  69. Contest design for a multi-tier organization: Leveraging informational environment to motivate downstream agents
    Hua Chen, Kevin Chung · 2026 · Production and Operations Management
  70. Police Violence during Protests: Ideology and Public Beliefs about Misconduct
    Christoph Steinert, Kristine Eck · 2026 · The Journal of Politics
  71. When do acquaintance networks grow? Life events, civic participation, and social dynamics
    Alex Munoz Rojas, Alejandro Ignacio Plaza, Vicente Espinoza · 2026 · Social Networks
  72. The impact of public agency representation on citizen perception in the face of technological discrimination
    Younghyun Cho, James E. Wright, Gregory A. Porumbescu · 2026 · Public Management Review
  73. Toward a Better Understanding of Attitude Moralization Within Intergroup Contexts
    Ana Lúcia Leal, Martijn van Zomeren, Ernestine Gordijn, Michal Reifen‐Tagar, Eran Halperin · 2025 · Social Psychology
  74. Reward or Routine? Endogenous Wildfire Exposure and the Conditional Attenuation of Retrospective Voting in Chile
    Gabriel Avila · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  75. Attitudinal impacts of polarized protests: experimental evidence from abortion protests in Poland
    Amalie Nilsen · 2026 · Journal of Peace Research
  76. How snap election calls shape vote intention uncertainty
    Klara Müller, Alejandro Fernández-Roldán · 2026 · Electoral Studies
  77. Measuring racial attitudes pre-treatment in survey experiments
    Leah Christiani, Nathan J. Kelly, Jana Morgan · 2026 · Political Science Research and Methods
  78. Enemies Abroad, Animosity at Home: Media Influence on U.S.-China Policy and Anti-Asian Sentiment
    Siyu Liang · 2026 · Political Communication
  79. Conformity and silence: Experimental evidence on social pressure and free speech
    Juan S. Morales, Margaret Samahita · 2026 · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
  80. Partisan cues and parasocial relationships as shields against accountability: experimental evidence on prime minister evaluation in Europe
    Pavol Baboš, Aneta Világi · 2026 · Frontiers in Political Science
  81. Attitudes towards carbon taxation in the EU: messenger effects vs. content effects
    Alessio Levis, E. Keith Smith, Silvia Pianta · 2026 · Journal of Public Policy
  82. Community-minded communists: A field experiment on party member propensity for community activism in rural Vietnam
    Paul Schuler, Eitan Paul, Quynh Nguyen · 2026 · Party Politics
  83. Costs or Benefits? Competing Frames and Public Support for Multilateral Peace Operations
    Andrew Lugg, Jared Oestman · 2026 · International Studies Perspectives
  84. Whom and when to deport and punish: Experimental evidence on Americans’ attitudes toward immigrants in the criminal legal system
    Luzi Shi, Sishi Wu · 2026 · International Journal of Intercultural Relations
  85. When Parenthood Pays and Penalizes: Counterfactual Evidence on Gendered Income Trajectories in China
    Yihan Xu · 2026 · Research Square
  86. Machine competence or human experience? A source-task congruence framework for AI-generated travel recommendations
    Ethan Mercer, Dr. Olivia Bennett · 2026 · Digital Enterprise Studies
  87. The impact of emotions on the evaluation of environmentally damaging entrepreneurial opportunities: an experimental study
    Marko Kolaković, Tin Horvatinović, Ivan Turčić · 2026 · Frontiers in Psychology
  88. Socioeconomic trade-offs in Portuguese sardine recovery (2006–2023)
    Pedro Valadas Monteiro · 2026 · Aquaculture and Fisheries
  89. Cross-country comparison of two incumbency advantages: bounds and evidence from 37 countries
    Leandro de Magalhaes, Salomo Hirvonen · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  90. Platform differences in live-streaming commerce: The Role of task-technology fit and social-technology fit in driving consumer engagement and purchase decisions
    Jing Yang, Mengtian Jiang, Eunsin Joo · 2026 · Journal of Marketing Communications
  91. Analytic Structuring, Psychological Empowerment, and Self‐Reported Trust Regulation in AI‐Framed Decision Support: Evidence From a Scenario‐Based Experiment
    Kuo‐Ming Chu, Hui-Chun Chan · 2026 · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
  92. Associations between music teachers' Big Five personality traits and their stereotypical beliefs about students gifted for music
    Laura Bareiß, Nadine Nicole Koch, Maria Wirzberger · 2026 · Acta Psychologica
  93. The Globalization of Social Cues: Trump's 2016 Victory Shaped the Salience of Immigration in Europe
    Hilma Lindskog, Daniel E Carelli · 2026 · Scandinavian Political Studies