Chapter 10 Archaeologists as Indian Advocates? Lessons from Skinner, the Little‐Weasel; Moorehead, the Indian Commissioner; and Other Predecessors

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

We have begun building relationships with those on whose ancestral land our campus was built.

“We have begun building relationships with those on whose ancestral land our campus was built.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The college has developed a territory acknowledgement that includes action items, and we are discussing collegewide policies regarding care of the landscape and of all Indigenous objects stored on campus.

“The college has developed a territory acknowledgement that includes action items, and we are discussing collegewide policies regarding care of the landscape and of all Indigenous objects stored on campus.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

In 1915, Skinner argued that Native peoples were already patriotic and that it was the White man who needed a holiday to arouse their interest in and friendship for the Indian.

“Skinner argued that Native peoples were already patriotic, it was the White-man who needed a holiday to arouse their”

• cites Skinner 1915Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It took a lot of time and paperwork to convince colleagues and administrators that a beloved and retired faculty member was out of compliance with federal laws and ethical practice.

“It took a lot of time and paperwork to convince colleagues and administrators that a beloved and retired faculty member was out of compliance with federal laws and ethical practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Anthropology and Biology departments are working to extend the ethics of repatriation to any human remains that may remain on campus, particularly those purchased from biological supply companies a century ago.

“The Anthropology and Biology departments are working to extend the ethics of repatriation to any human remains that may remain on campus, particularly those purchased from biological supply companies a century ago.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

My predecessor, Lucille Lewis Johnson, was storing Native American remains and funerary objects in the same building I taught in, in some cases in what was slowly becoming my archaeology laboratory.

“I would soon come to realize that my predecessor, Lucille Lewis Johnson, was storing Native American remains and funerary objects in the same building I taught in, in some cases in what was slowly becoming my archaeology laboratory.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Efforts to hire more Indigenous faculty and recruit more Indigenous students are underway.

“Efforts to hire more Indigenous faculty and recruit more Indigenous students are underway.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Vassar College has now complied with both the spirit and letter of NAGPRA.

“Vassar College has now complied with both the spirit and letter of NAGPRA.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

I was teaching courses on repatriation at a college that had done nothing to comply with the 1990 passage of NAGPRA.

“I was teaching courses on repatriation at a college that had done nothing to comply with the 1990 passage of NAGPRA.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The college no longer holds Indigenous ancestors from known archaeological sites and is consulting with tribes regarding the repatriation and/or reburial of individuals from unknown locations who came to the college in the early twentieth century, as part of a teaching museum.

“The college no longer holds Indigenous ancestors from known archaeological sites and we are consulting with tribes regarding the repatriation and/or reburial of individuals from unknown locations who came to the college in the early twentieth century, as part of a teaching museum.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The author's immediate predecessor, Lucille Lewis Johnson, had been storing archaeological collections from her lengthy career, and some included the remains of Indigenous ancestors and their funerary offerings.

“My immediate predecessor, Lucille Lewis Johnson, had been storing archaeological collections from her lengthy career and some included the remains of Indigenous ancestors and their funerary offerings (Bradley 2020; Chavez 2020).”

• cites Bradley 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chavez 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

For the most part, colleagues and administrators did not know what NAGPRA was and did not see it as our collective responsibility to comply with it.

“For the most part, they did not know what NAGPRA was and did not see it as our collective responsibility to comply with it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Getting my institution to move towards compliance with NAGPRA has brought back some of that DAPL protest energy to the campus but this time it is focused on righting past wrongs that we have committed ourselves.

“Getting my institution to move towards compliance with NAGPRA has brought back some of that DAPL protest energy to the campus but this time it is focused on righting past wrongs that we have committed ourselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Discussions are happening at all levels, from students to administrators inside and outside of classrooms.

“Discussions are happening at all levels, from students to administrators inside and outside of classrooms.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Our archaeological ancestors tried to do something about these problems.

“Our archaeological ancestors tried to do something about these problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Skinner and Moorehead were in some ways typical archaeologists of the early 1900s.

“Alanson Buck Skinner and Warren King Moorehead were in some ways typical archaeologists of the early 1900s.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

A century after Skinner and Moorehead, archaeologists are still trying to find their proper place as Indian advocates.

“A century after Skinner and Moorehead, archaeologists are still trying to find their proper place as Indian advocates.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Anthropologists did not stop studying Native peoples and their history; they disconnected their work from political issues while debating the place of 'public interest anthropology'.

“Anthropologists did not stop studying Native peoples and their history, they just disconnected their work from political issues while debating the place of”

• cites Wright 1988, 372 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Skinner's self-promotion may have undermined his sincerity in critiquing film stereotypes as 'grotesque farces.'

“Skinner's self-promotion may have undermined his sincerity in critiquing film stereotypes as”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zitkala-Ša co-founded the National Council of American Indians, which was reborn as the National Congress of American Indians after her death.

“She co-founded the National Council of American Indians, which was reborn as the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) after her death.”

• cites Hafen 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Skinner's advocacy work was tainted by the self-promotion of a 'wanna-be' Indian.

“Skinner's advocacy work was tainted by the self-promotion of a”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Robin Wright (1988) provides eight ways that anthropologists could work with Indigenous advocacy organizations.

“Anthropologist Robin Wright (1988) provides eights ways that anthropologists could work with Indigenous advocacy organizations.”

• cites Wright 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Those of us who research and teach the Indigenous past can be allies in step with the NCAI's request for Americans to learn more about shameful pasts and contemporary issues.

“Those of us who research and teach the Indigenous past can be allies in step with the NCAI's request for Americans to learn more about shameful pasts and contemporary issues.”

• cites National Congress of American Indians (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Skinner and Moorehead worked together on the 1916 Susquehanna Expedition, sponsored by George Gustav Heye and his Museum of the American Indian (MAI).

“Skinner and Moorehead worked together on the 1916 Susquehanna Expedition, sponsored by George Gustav Heye and his Museum of the American Indian (MAI).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Skinner used the name Sekosa (Little Weasel) and dressed in Native clothing for some of his lectures.

“Alanson Buck Skinner (1886Skinner ( -1925)), a New Yorker of Jewish heritage, used the name Sekosa (Little Weasel) and dressed in Native clothing for some of his lectures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Moorehead is guilty of weaponizing tribal citizenship when he was critical of anyone who was not full blooded.

“Moorehead is guilty of weaponizing tribal citizenship when he was critical of anyone who was not full blooded.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Deloria argued that as long as anthropology focuses on Indians and other tribal peoples and reports back to its own society about them, there is no respect for tribal peoples.

“As long as anthropology and anthropologists focus on Indians and other tribal peoples and report back to their own society about the quaint and sometimes romantic people they are studying, there is no respect for tribal peoples in spite of the pious disclaimers and pledges of emotional allegiance given by scholars.”

• cites Deloria Jr. 1997, 220-221 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Skinner and Moorehead both can be seen as 'wanna-bes' and 'White saviors' who believed they themselves had the answers and abilities to solve Native problems.

“Skinner and Moorehead both can be seen as”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Vine Deloria Jr.'s 1969 Custer Died for Your Sins includes a chapter on anthropologists and other friends.

“For example, Vine Deloria Jr.'s 1969 Custer Died for Your Sins, includes a chapter on anthropologists and other friends.”

• cites Deloria Jr. 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead believed that Native people were vanishing and that archaeology was the only way to understand their history.

“Moorehead (and his archaeological contemporaries) believed that Native people were vanishing, and that archaeology was the only way to understand their history.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead's mixed reputation within archaeology and his very governmental role as an Indian Commissioner both likely hinder the memory of him as a successful advocate.

“Moorehead's mixed reputation within archaeology and his very governmental role as an Indian Commissioner both likely hinder the memory of him as a successful advocate.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead's A Plea for Justice ignored tribal sovereignty and advocated for American citizenship as the means of creating equality.

“While it is an earnest attempt at solving problems like poverty within reservations, its solution ignores tribal sovereignty and advocates for American citizenship as the means of creating equality.”

• cites Moorehead 1914Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Both Skinner and Moorehead had little formal education in archaeology but rose to hold prominent museum positions.

“Both men had little formal education in archaeology but rose to hold prominent museum positions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Society of American Indians (SAI) was a group of American Indian intellectuals active between 1911 and 1923.

“The SAI was a group of”

• cites Lomawaima 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Zitkala-Ša was a member of the Society of American Indians and advocated for resistance, tribal nationalism, and civil rights.

“Zitkala-Ša (Figure 10.3) was a member of SAI and an advocate for resistance, tribal nationalism, and civil rights (Hafen 2013).”

• cites Hafen 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Although Wright's recommendations are based on Indigenous issues of central and south America, they prove more generally useful.

“Although these recommendations are based on the Indigenous issues of central and south America, they prove more generally useful:”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead argued against allotment, which was leading to the sell-off of Indian lands, and saw that as one of the largest problems.

“Moorehead also argued against allotment which was leading to the sell-off of Indian lands.He saw that as one of the largest problems.”

• cites Weatherford 1956Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead had no claims to Native ancestry and was not a member of the SAI; he was a member of the Friends of the American Indian, an all-White organization.

“Moorehead had no claims to Native ancestry, so he was not a member of the SAI.”

• Also stated in: § Warren King Moorehead: The Indian Commissioner · plain

  “Instead, he was a member of the Friends of the American Indian, an all-White organization.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Deloria argued that if anthropologists speak critically to the shortcomings of their own society using knowledge derived from tribal peoples, that will signal that something of real value is contained within the tribal context.

“If, however, anthropologists and other social scientists begin to speak critically to the shortcomings of their own society using the knowledge which they claim to have derived from observation of the tribal peoples, that will be a signal that something of real value is contained within the tribal context.”

• cites Deloria Jr. 1997, 220-221 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Moorehead often used the title of Indian Commissioner in his correspondence when his professional titles in the Phillips Academy Department of Archaeology did not seem to suffice.

“Warren King Moorehead (1866Moorehead ( -1939)), an Ohioan born to missionary parents, often used the title of Indian Commissioner in his correspondence when his professional titles in the Phillips Academy Department of Archaeology didn't seem to suffice.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Deloria criticized that money spent on anthropology could be better spent improving reservation conditions and that anthropological research was devoid of useful application.

“One of Deloria's main criticisms was that the money spent on anthropology could be better spent improving reservation conditions.Anthropological research, he said, was devoid of useful application.”

• cites Deloria Jr. 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moorehead's approach to Indian advocacy was understanding of the Native past but assimilation of Indigenous people into the American present.

“That was Moorehead's approach to Indian advocacy-understanding of the Native past but assimilation of Indigenous people into the American present.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Facilitating repatriation to, and connections with, Indigenous communities is a form of Indian advocacy in which archaeologists have clear roles to play.

“Facilitating repatriation to, and connections with, Indigenous communities is a form of Indian advocacy in which archaeologists have clear roles to play.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Skinner's attempts to educate the White public and Moorehead's work to guide governmental policies were not flawless.

“Skinner's attempts to educate the White-public and Moorehead's work to guide governmental policies were not flawless.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

American citizenship has not been the remedy that Moorehead, Skinner, and their colleagues thought it would be.

“American citizenship has not been the remedy that Moorehead, Skinner, and their colleagues thought it would be.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Skinner's and Moorehead's actions were self-serving while reinforcing paternalism towards Indigenous peoples and places.

“I believe both archaeologists had good intentions, but their actions were also selfserving while reinforcing a paternalism towards Indigenous peoples and places.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

In retrospect, Moorehead may have been a better Indian advocate than archaeologist.

“In retrospect, Moorehead may have been a better Indian advocate than archaeologist.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

If archaeologists take opportunities to connect the Native past to the Indigenous present whenever they give lectures or write reports, they can be better allies, accomplices, or coconspirators.

“If archaeologists take opportunities to connect the Native past to the Indigenous present whenever we give lectures or write reports, we can be better allies, accomplices, or coconspirators.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Both Skinner and Moorehead had good intentions.

“I believe both archaeologists had good intentions, but their actions were also selfserving while reinforcing a paternalism towards Indigenous peoples and places.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Both men invoked painful aspects of Native life for personal, though not necessarily partisan, gain.

“Both men invoked painful aspects of Native life for personal, though not necessarily partisan gain.”