The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mucus as a Barrier to Drug Delivery – Understanding and Mimicking the Barrier Properties
Abstract
Viscoelastic mucus lines all mucosal surfaces of the body and forms a potential barrier to mucosal drug delivery. Mucus is mainly composed of water and mucins; high molecular weight glycoproteins forming an entangled network. Consequently, mucus forms a steric barrier, and due to its negative charge and hydrophobic domains, the overall hydrophilic mucus also presents an interactive barrier limiting the free diffusion of components within and through the mucus. Furthermore, mucus is a dynamic barrier due to its continuous secretion and shedding from the mucosal surfaces. Mucus is thus a highly complex gel barrier to drug delivery. Current knowledge of mucus characteristics and barrier properties, as achieved by state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, is the topic of this MiniReview emphasizing the gastrointestinal mucus and an overall focus on oral drug delivery. Cell culture‐based in vitro models are well‐established as essential tools in drug research and development, but traditionally, mucus‐containing models have only rarely been applied. However, a number of mucus‐containing in vitro models have recently been described in the literature, and their properties and applications will be reviewed and discussed. Finally, studies of peptide and protein drug diffusion in and through mucus and studies of mucus‐penetrating nanoparticles are included to illustrate the mucus as a potentially important barrier to obtain sufficient bioavailability of orally administered drugs, and thus an important parameter to address in the development of future oral drug delivery systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues
Lai, S. K., Wang, Y.-Y., & Hanes, J. (2009) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2008.11.002 · Cited by 1,815
Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: The gastrointestinal mucus barriers
Ensign, L. M., Cone, R., & Hanes, J. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.009 · Cited by 1,623
Kararli, T. T. (1995) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.2510160502 · Cited by 1,459
Cone, R. A. (2009) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.008 · Cited by 1,459
The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease
Johansson, M. E. V., Sjövall, H., & Hansson, G. C. (2013) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35 · Cited by 1,438
Protein drug stability: a formulation challenge
Frokjaer, S., & Otzen, D. E. (2005) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1695 · Cited by 1,096
The adherent gastrointestinal mucus gel layer: thickness and physical state in vivo
Atuma, C., Strugala, V., Allen, A., & Holm, L. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g922 · Cited by 1,078
Wang, Y., Lai, S. K., Suk, J. S., Pace, A., Cone, R., & Hanes, J. (2008) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200803526 · Cited by 597
Challenges for the oral delivery of macromolecules
Goldberg, M., & Gomez-Orellana, I. (2003) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1067 · Cited by 544
Diffusion of Macromolecules and Virus-Like Particles in Human Cervical Mucus
Olmsted, S. S., Padgett, J. L., Yudin, A. I., Whaley, K. J., Moench, T. R., & Cone, R. A. (2001) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75844-4 · Cited by 544
Cited by
Gänger, S., & Schindowski, K. (2018) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10030116 · Cited by 447
Engineering nano-drug biointerface to overcome biological barriers toward precision drug delivery
Waheed, S., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Chiarini, A., Armato, U., & Wu, J. (2022) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01605-4 · Cited by 259
Drug permeability profiling using cell-free permeation tools: overview and applications
Berben, P., Bauer-Brandl, A., Brandl, M., Faller, B., Flaten, G. E., Jacobsen, A.-C., Brouwers, J., & Augustijns, P. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.016 · Cited by 199
Verma, S., Goand, U. K., Husain, A., Katekar, R. A., Garg, R., & Gayen, J. R. (2021) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21832 · Cited by 151
Oral lipid nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in cancer treatment
El Moukhtari, S. H., Rodríguez-Nogales, C., & Blanco-Prieto, M. J. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.004 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- Boegh, M., & Nielsen, H. M.
- Venue
- Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-23
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 179-186
- ISSN
- 1742-7835 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-7843
- OpenAlex
- W2068820688
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 45
- FWCI
- 5.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Mucus as a Barrier to Drug Delivery – Understanding and Mimicking the Barrier Properties. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/bcpt.12342
- The paper
- Boegh, M., & Nielsen, H. M. (2015). Mucus as a Barrier to Drug Delivery – Understanding and Mimicking the Barrier Properties. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12342
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
