Adrenaline: insights into its metabolic roles in hypoglycaemia and diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Adrenaline is a hormone that has profound actions on the cardiovascular system and is also a mediator of the fight‐or‐flight response. Adrenaline is now increasingly recognized as an important metabolic hormone that helps mobilize energy stores in the form of glucose and free fatty acids in preparation for physical activity or for recovery from hypoglycaemia. Recovery from hypoglycaemia is termed counter‐regulation and involves the suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α‐cells and activation of adrenaline secretion. Secretion of adrenaline is controlled by presympathetic neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla, which are, in turn, under the control of central and/or peripheral glucose‐sensing neurons. Adrenaline is particularly important for counter‐regulation in individuals with type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes because these patients do not produce endogenous insulin and also lose their ability to secrete glucagon soon after diagnosis. Type 1 diabetic patients are therefore critically dependent on adrenaline for restoration of normoglycaemia and attenuation or loss of this response in the hypoglycaemia unawareness condition can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences. Understanding the neural control of hypoglycaemia‐induced adrenaline secretion is likely to identify new therapeutic targets for treating this potentially life‐threatening condition.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 66 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingcitation
Insulin-induced activation of ASNA is markedly reduced by excitatory amino acid receptor blockade in the RVLM.
“In addition, insulin-induced activation of ASNA is markedly reduced by excitatory amino acid receptor blockade in the RVLM (Sabetghadam, Korim and Verberne, unpublished observations).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sabetghadam, Korim and Verberne, unpublished observations
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
A choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive sympathetic preganglionic neuron from a rat that had received 2-DG (400 mg/kg i.p.) has a Fos-immunoreactive nucleus and receives close appositions from PNMT-immunoreactive axons.
“This choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (grey cytoplasmic staining) SPN from a rat that had received 2-DG (400 mg/kg.i.p.) has a black Fos-immunoreactive nucleus (star), and receives close appositions from varicosities of black, PNMT-immunoreactive axons (arrows).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Recovery from hypoglycaemia (counter-regulation) involves suppression of endogenous insulin secretion.
“Recovery from hypoglycaemia is termed counter-regulation and involves suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells and activation of adrenaline secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bolli et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adrenaline helps mobilise energy stores in the form of glucose and free fatty acids in preparation for physical activity or for recovery from hypoglycaemia.
“Adrenaline is now increasingly recognised as an important metabolic hormone that helps mobilise energy stores in the form of glucose and free fatty acids in preparation for physical activity or for recovery from hypoglycaemia.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“In this review we examine the importance of adrenaline as a metabolic hormone that mobilises energy stores in the form of glucose and free fatty acids during the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycaemia (Cryer, 1981).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 1981
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Premisecitation
Orexin neurons in the PeH are activated in response to declining brain glucose concentration.
“Orexin neurons in the PeH are activated in response to declining brain glucose concentration (Korim et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Korim et al., 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Adrenaline is particularly important for counterregulation in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.
“Adrenaline is particularly important for counterregulation in individuals with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes since these patients do not produce endogenous insulin and also lose their ability to secrete glucagon soon after diagnosis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 1 diabetic patients do not produce endogenous insulin.
- Premisecitation
Type 1 diabetic patients lose their ability to secrete glucagon soon after diagnosis.
“Adrenaline is particularly important for counterregulation in individuals with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes since these patients do not produce endogenous insulin and also lose their ability to secrete glucagon soon after diagnosis.”
- Also stated in: § Neuroglucoprivation and adrenaline secretion · plain
“Indeed, the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia is lost within 5 years of diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes (Amiel, 2005;McCrimmon, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Amiel, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites McCrimmon, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Neuroglucoprivation and adrenaline secretion · plain
- Premisecitation
In cats but not dogs, baroreceptor unloading results mainly in noradrenaline release.
“In cats but not dogs, baroreceptor unloading results mainly in noradrenaline release, (Critchley et al., 1980).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Critchley et al., 1980
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The lateral hypothalamus is a critical area mediating the adrenaline response to neuroglucoprivation.
“The lateral hypothalamus is a critical area mediating the adrenaline response to neuroglucoprivation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Himsworth, 1970
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Presympathetic neurons controlling adrenaline secretion are under the control of central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons.
“Secretion of adrenaline is controlled by presympathetic neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla which are, in turn, under the control of central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Verberne et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion from the adrenal gland can be controlled independently.
“These findings suggest that adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion from the adrenal gland can be controlled independently.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Counter-regulation involves activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells.
“Recovery from hypoglycaemia is termed counter-regulation and involves suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells and activation of adrenaline secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bolli et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The glucagon response to hypoglycaemia is lost within 5 years of diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes.
“Indeed, the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia is lost within 5 years of diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes (Amiel, 2005;McCrimmon, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Amiel, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites McCrimmon, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Chemoreceptor activation activates ASNA and increases plasma adrenaline concentration in rats, cats and dogs.
“Chemoreceptor activation also activates ASNA and increases plasma adrenaline concentration in rats, cats and dogs (Biesold et al., 1989;Critchley et al., 1980).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Biesold et al., 1989
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Critchley et al., 1980
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A proportion of PeH orexin neurons are glutamatergic.
“This observation is consistent with the finding that a proportion of PeH orexin neurons are glutamatergic (Rosin et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rosin et al., 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Local microinjection into the PeH of the GABA A agonist muscimol abolishes the increase in adrenal nerve discharge produced by systemic 2-DG.
“This treatment abolishes the increase in adrenal nerve discharge produced by systemic 2-DG (Korim et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Counter-regulation involves activation of adrenaline secretion.
“Recovery from hypoglycaemia is termed counter-regulation and involves suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells and activation of adrenaline secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bolli et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Glucagon acts exclusively by stimulating glucose production in the liver.
“Glucagon acts exclusively by stimulating glucose production in the liver whereas adrenaline acts by suppressing endogenous insulin secretion, stimulation of hepatic glucose production, stimulation of lipolysis (β 3 -adrenoceptor-mediated activation of lipase in adipose tissue) and reduction of glucose utilisation (Bolli et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bolli et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Type 1 diabetic patients are critically dependent on adrenaline for restoration of normoglycaemia.
“Type 1 diabetic patients are therefore critically dependent on adrenaline for restoration of normoglycaemia and attenuation or loss of this response in hypoglycaemia unawareness can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Type 1 diabetic patients do not produce endogenous insulin.
- Premisecitation
Adrenaline adrenal SPNs are activated by glucoprivation produced by systemic administration of 2-DG.
“Thus, 'adrenaline' adrenal SPNs are activated by glucoprivation produced by systemic administration of the glucoprivic agent 2-DG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Morrison et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adrenaline secretion is controlled by presympathetic neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla.
“Secretion of adrenaline is controlled by presympathetic neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla which are, in turn, under the control of central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Verberne et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Activation of ASNA during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is abolished by blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM.
“Most importantly, activation of ASNA during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is abolished by blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM (Korim et al., 2014), where adrenal premotor sympathoexcitatory neurons are located (Verberne et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Verberne et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
In Type 1 diabetes and advanced Type 2 diabetes, adrenaline is of primary importance for the response to hypoglycaemia because the ability to secrete glucagon is lost or impaired.
“In Type 1 diabetes and advanced Type 2 diabetes, adrenaline is of primary importance for the response to hypoglycaemia because the ability to secrete glucagon is lost or impaired (Cryer, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Microinjection of the local anaesthetic lignocaine bilaterally into the lateral hypothalamus of rats abolishes the hyperglycaemic response to 3-O-methylglucose as a glucoprivic agent.
“Himsworth showed that the hyperglycaemic response to 3-Omethylglucose as a glucoprivic agent was abolished by microinjection of the local anaesthetic agent lignocaine bilaterally into the lateral hypothalamus of rats (Himsworth, 1970).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Himsworth, 1970
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The contribution of adrenaline to normal cardiovascular regulation or to the development of essential hypertension is probably minimal since plasma levels of adrenaline are not consistently elevated in this condition.
“Despite its profound effects on cardiovascular function, the contribution of adrenaline to normal cardiovascular regulation or to the development of essential hypertension is probably minimal since plasma levels of adrenaline are not consistently elevated in this condition (Goldstein, 1983).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldstein, 1983
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the alloxan-treated mouse model of diabetes, the glucagon response to insulin and 2-DG administration is lost.
“Loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia also occurs in the alloxan-treated mouse model of diabetes wherein the glucagon response to insulin and 2-DG administration is lost”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ahren et al., 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Systemic administration of insulin or 2-DG increases preganglionic adrenal sympathetic nerve activity (ASNA).
“Systemic administration of insulin or 2-DG results in increased preganglionic ASNA (Carlsson et al., 1992a;Korim et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Carlsson et al., 1992a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the streptozotocin rat model of Type 1 diabetes, the glucagon response to arginine is normal.
“despite a normal response to arginine (Hertelendy et al., 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hertelendy et al., 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Adrenaline is the primary counter-regulatory hormone in people with Type 1 diabetes.
“In fact, adrenaline is now acknowledged as the primary counter-regulatory hormone in people with Type 1 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
A spinal pathway that passes through spinal segments C4-C8 mediates activation of ASNA during hypoglycaemia.
“These observations strongly support the view that a spinal pathway that passes through spinal segments C4-C8 mediates activation of ASNA during hypoglycaemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Type 1 diabetic patients frequently report hypoglycaemia, particularly when therapy is intensive.
“Indeed, Type 1 diabetic patients frequently report hypoglycaemia particularly when therapy is intensive (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Diabetes induces a 'disconnect' between the regions of the brain that sense declining extracellular levels of glucose and the autonomic output to the pancreas.
“This result suggests that diabetes induces a 'disconnect' between the regions of the brain that sense declining extracellular levels of glucose and the autonomic output to the pancreas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The increase in plasma adrenaline during moderate exercise appears to be largely a result of reduced clearance rather than increased adrenal secretion.
“The increase appears to be largely a result of reduced clearance rather than increased adrenal secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Warren et al., 1984
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Diabetes-induced autonomic neuropathy may lead to loss of the glucagon response.
“possibly that diabetes-induced autonomic neuropathy may lead to loss of the glucagon response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Ganglionic blockade reduces the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia by 75-90%.
“Ganglionic blockade reduces the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia by 75-90%, suggesting a pivotal role for the autonomic nervous system in the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia (Havel et al., 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Havel et al., 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Patients with Type 1 diabetes have normal glucagon responses to other glucagon-releasing stimuli such as arginine or the muscarinic agonist carbachol.
“despite normal responses to other glucagon-releasing stimuli such as arginine or the muscarinic agonist carbachol (Fukuda et al., 1988).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fukuda et al., 1988
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Severe neuroglucoprivation can occur as a result of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia during the treatment of diabetes.
“Severe neuroglucoprivation can occur as a result of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia during the treatment of diabetes (Gabriely et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gabriely et al., 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the alloxan-treated mouse model of diabetes, the secretory response to the muscarinic agonist carbachol is normal.
“despite a normal secretory response to the muscarinic agonist carbachol (Ahren et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ahren et al., 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Hindlimb vasodilatation associated with shifting blood away from the splanchnic circulation to active skeletal muscle during defense responses is at least in part dependent on adrenaline acting at β-adrenoceptors on skeletal muscle resistance vessels.
“Hindlimb vaso-dilatation associated with shifting blood away from the splanchnic circulation to active skeletal muscle during defense responses is, at least in part, dependent on adrenaline acting at β-adrenoceptors on skeletal muscle resistance vessels (Yardley et al., 1987).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yardley et al., 1987
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role in the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia.
“suggesting a pivotal role for the autonomic nervous system in the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia (Havel et al., 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Havel et al., 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Tetraplegic patients with complete spinal transection between C4 and C8 have lower resting plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
“Tetraplegic patients with complete spinal transection between C4 and C8 have lower resting plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline (Mathias et al., 1979).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mathias et al., 1979
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The baroreceptor reflex does not influence adrenaline secretion.
“again supporting the view that the baroreceptor reflex does not influence adrenaline secretion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Natarajan et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The cellular mechanisms associated with α-cell glucagon secretion are largely intact in diabetes.
“These observations suggest (1) that the cellular mechanisms associated with α-cell glucagon secretion are largely intact in diabetes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Patients with Type 1 diabetes soon lose their ability to secrete glucagon during hypoglycaemia.
“For reasons that are still incompletely understood, patients with Type 1 diabetes soon lose their ability to secrete glucagon during hypoglycaemia (Gerich et al., 1973)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gerich et al., 1973
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
- May combine two claims. 17
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenAdrenaline is a mediator of the fight-or-flight response.
“Adrenaline is a hormone that has profound actions on the cardiovascular system and is also a mediator of the fight-or-flight response.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hilton, 1982
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Smith et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenAdrenaline has profound actions on the cardiovascular system.
“Adrenaline is a hormone that has profound actions on the cardiovascular system and is also a mediator of the fight-or-flight response.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Goldstein, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Westfall et al., 2011
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPresympathetic neurons that control adrenaline secretion are likely to receive input from central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons but not from baroreceptors.
“In contrast, presympathetic neurons that control adrenaline secretion are likely to receive input from central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons but not from baroreceptors (Korim et al., 2014;Verberne et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Korim et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Verberne et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRepeated bouts of hypoglycaemia can lead to reduced adrenaline secretion and hypoglycaemia unawareness, in which the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are no longer perceived, creating a vicious cycle of defective glucose homeostasis.
“Repeated bouts of hypoglycaemia can also lead to reduced adrenaline secretion and 'hypoglycaemia unawareness', in which the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are no longer perceived, creating a vicious cycle of defective glucose homeostasis (Cryer, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationHyperinsulinaemia associated with insulin-induced hypoglycaemia can be a confounding factor but can be controlled for experimentally by comparing the effects of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemia in which the plasma glucose concentration is held constant by simultaneous glucose infusion (a glucose clamp).
“Hyperinsulinaemia associated with insulin-induced hypoglycaemia can be a confounding factor but can be controlled for experimentally by comparing the effects of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemia in which the plasma glucose concentration is held constant by simultaneous glucose infusion (a”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ao et al., 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bardgett et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReplacement of glucose by non-metabolizable 2-DG is perceived as a reduction in brain glucose concentration and results in elevation of plasma levels of glucagon and adrenaline, resulting in hyperglycaemia.
“The replacement of glucose by non-metabolizable 2-DG is perceived as a reduction in the brain glucose concentration and results in elevation of plasma levels of glucagon and adrenaline, resulting in hyperglycaemia (Sanders et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sanders et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdrenaline increases plasma glucose by promoting glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle, liver gluconeogenesis and reduction of glucose uptake by tissues such as skeletal muscle via activation of α1- and β2-adrenoceptors.
“Thus, an additional and important action of adrenaline is to increase plasma glucose by promoting glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle, liver gluconeogenesis and reduction of glucose uptake by tissues such as skeletal muscle via activation of α 1 -and β 2 -adrenoceptors (Moratinos et al., 1986).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moratinos et al., 1986
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdrenaline adrenal SPNs are insensitive to baroreflex activation and receive input from slow-conducting RVLM neurons.
“Furthermore, they are insensitive to baroreflex activation and instead receive input from slow-conducting RVLM neurons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Morrison et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHypoglycaemia selectively increases adrenaline release whereas cold exposure selectively increases noradrenaline release.
“Thus, hypoglycaemia selectively increases adrenaline release whereas cold exposure selectively increases noradrenaline release (Vollmer et al., 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vollmer et al., 1992
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHypoxia activates adrenaline secretion while baroreceptor unloading activates mainly noradrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla.
“In summary, hypoxia activates adrenaline secretion while baroreceptor unloading activates mainly noradrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdrenaline acts by suppressing endogenous insulin secretion, stimulating hepatic glucose production, stimulating lipolysis, and reducing glucose utilisation.
“Glucagon acts exclusively by stimulating glucose production in the liver whereas adrenaline acts by suppressing endogenous insulin secretion, stimulation of hepatic glucose production, stimulation of lipolysis (β 3 -adrenoceptor-mediated activation of lipase in adipose tissue) and reduction of glucose utilisation (Bolli et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bolli et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdrenaline is used as an emergency treatment for acute ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest, acute anaphylactic shock and angio-oedema and as an emergency treatment of acute airways obstruction in asthma.
“Adrenaline is used as an emergency treatment for acute ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest, acute anaphylactic shock and angio-oedema and as an emergency treatment of acute airways obstruction in asthma ('Epi-Pen') (Rang et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rang et al., 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInfusion of adrenaline into normotensive subjects resulted in increased plasma renin, glucose and free fatty acids but had only minimal effects on the cardiovascular system.
“Infusion of adrenaline into normotensive subjects resulted in increased plasma renin, glucose and free fatty acids but had only minimal effects on the cardiovascular system (Fitzgerald et al., 1980).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fitzgerald et al., 1980
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationInhibitors of PNMT that do not cross the blood-brain barrier do not reduce arterial blood pressure, suggesting that peripheral adrenaline does not contribute significantly to resting arterial blood pressure.
“Inhibitors of PNMT (Fig. 1) that do not cross the bloodbrain-barrier do not reduce arterial blood pressure, suggesting that peripheral adrenaline does not contribute significantly to resting arterial blood pressure (Black et al., 1981).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Black et al., 1981
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDisinhibition of CVLM neurons results in marked elevation of arterial pressure, sympathetic nerve activity and plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline.
“Disinhibition of the CVLM neurons results in marked elevation of arterial pressure, sympathetic nerve activity and plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline (Natarajan et al., 1999)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Natarajan et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn tetraplegic patients with complete spinal transection between C4 and C8, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline do not rise in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and they do not exhibit the sympathetic symptoms of hypoglycaemia.
“In addition, their plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline do not rise in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia nor do they exhibit the sympathetic symptoms of hypoglycaemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mathias et al., 1979
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHypoglycaemia is feared by patients with Type 1 diabetes because of its serious and potentially life-threatening consequences.
“Hypoglycaemia is feared by patients with Type 1 diabetes because of its serious and potentially life-threatening consequences (Böhme et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Böhme et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring moderate exercise, plasma levels of adrenaline rise but there is no significant increase in secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla.
“During moderate exercise, plasma levels of adrenaline rise but there is no significant increase in secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla (Warren et al., 1984).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Warren et al., 1984
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationEndogenous adrenaline is primarily a metabolic hormone, of critical importance in the glucose counter-regulatory response evoked by hypoglycaemia.
“However, recent evidence summarized here suggests that endogenous adrenaline is, in fact, primarily a metabolic hormone (Cryer, 1993), which is of critical importance in the glucose counter-regulatory response evoked by hypoglycaemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cryer, 1993
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAdrenaline is not of major significance in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and is not a major factor in the development of essential hypertension.
“Overall, these observations support the view that adrenaline is not of major significance in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and is not a major factor in the development of essential hypertension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 1 diabetic patients do not produce endogenous insulin.
“since these patients do not produce endogenous insulin”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attenuation or loss of the adrenaline response in hypoglycaemia unawareness can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences.
“attenuation or loss of this response in hypoglycaemia unawareness can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depriving the brain of glucose activates the glucose counterregulatory response to restore normal levels of blood glucose.
“Depriving the brain of glucose (neuroglucoprivation) activates the glucose counterregulatory response to restore normal levels of blood glucose (normoglycaemia).”
The paper relies on this without support.
2-DG competes with normal glucose for utilization by brain neurons.
“As described above, 2-DG competes with normal glucose for utilization by brain neurons.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia results in elevated plasma levels of glucagon and adrenaline but glucose levels remain low due to the presence of insulin.
“In contrast, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia results in elevated plasma levels of glucagon and adrenaline but glucose levels remain low due to the presence of insulin.”
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Brunton, L. L. (1985) · Cited by 7,321 · see citing works
A STUDY OF THE ADRENOTROPIC RECEPTORS
Ahlquist, R. P. (1948) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.153.3.586 · Cited by 2,908 · see citing works
Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment
Pelicano, H., Martin, D. S., Xu, R., & Huang, P. (2006) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209597 · Cited by 1,516 · see citing works
Basic Neurochemistry???Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects
Long, D. M. (2006) · Neurosurgery Quarterly · doi:10.1097/01.wnq.0000203279.82150.41 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein‐coupled receptors
Alexander, S. P. H., Davenport, A. P., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Peters, J. A., Benson, H. E., Faccenda, E., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13348 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Benson, H. E., Faccenda, E., Alexander, S. P. H., Buneman, O. P., Davenport, A. P., McGrath, J. C., Peters, J. A., Southan, C., et al. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1143 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Rang, H. P., & Dale, M. M. (2012) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Gerich, J. E., Langlois, M., Noacco, C., Karam, J. H., & Forsham, P. H. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.182.4108.171 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Enzymes
Alexander, S. P. H., Fabbro, D., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Peters, J. A., Benson, H. E., Faccenda, E., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13354 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension. An analytical review.
Goldstein, D. S. (1983) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.5.1.86 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Strack, A. M., Sawyer, W. B., Hughes, J., Platt, K. B., & Loewy, A. D. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90098-x · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Control of Enzymatic Synthesis of Adrenaline in the Adrenal Medulla by Adrenal Cortical Steroids
Wurtman, R. J., & Axelrod, J. (1966) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96620-2 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
von Euler, U. S. (1946) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00368.x · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Strack, A. M., Sawyer, W. B., Platt, K. B., & Loewy, A. D. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90063-2 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the supra-renal capsules
Addison, T. (1855) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure and Its Component Syndromes in Diabetes
Cryer, P. E. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3592 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The Physiological Effects of Extracts of the Suprarenal Capsules
Oliver, G., & Schäfer, E. A. (1895) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000564 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Spinal origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat
Strack, A. M., Sawyer, W. B., Marubio, L. M., & Loewy, A. D. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90132-1 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Adrenaline Synthesis: Control by the Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Wurtman, R. J., & Axelrod, J. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3702.1464 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Methylation reactions in the formation and metabolism of catecholamines and other biogenic amines.
Axelrod, J. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The Defence-Arousal System and its Relevance for Circulatory and Respiratory Control
Hilton, S. M. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.100.1.159 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Ricketts, H. T. (1971) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1971.03190260061030 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Glucose Counterregulation in Man
Cryer, P. E. (1981) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.30.3.261 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Localization of hindbrain glucoreceptive sites controlling food intake and blood glucose
Ritter, S., Dinh, T. T., & Zhang, Y. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02327-6 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Ritter, S., Bugarith, K., & Dinh, T. T. (2001) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.1097 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons express vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 or VGLUT2
Rosin, D. L., Weston, M. C., Sevigny, C. P., Stornetta, R. L., & Guyenet, P. G. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10860 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Minireview: Glucagon in the Pathogenesis of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in Diabetes
Cryer, P. E. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-1499 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Routh, V. H. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00761-8 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Peripheral and central pathways regulating the kidney: a study using pseudorabies virus
Schramm, L. P., Strack, A. M., Platt, K. B., & Loewy, A. D. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90216-a · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Folkow, B., & von Euler, U. S. (1954) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.2.3.191 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Schreihofer, A. M., & Guyenet, P. G. (2002) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03665.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Ritter, S., Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J., & Dinh, T. T. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00655-6 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationCentral representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex
Westerhaus, M. J., & Loewy, A. D. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02453-2 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Card, J. P., Sved, J. C., Craig, B. T., Raizada, M. K., Vázquez, J., & Sved, A. F. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21140 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Innervation of the Heart and Its Central Medullary Origin Defined by Viral Tracing
Standish, A., Enquist, L. W., & Schwaber, J. S. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8284675 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Pombal, M. A., & Puelles, L. (1999) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991122)414:3 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Wakade, A. R. (1981) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013676 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Wakade, A. R., & Wakade, T. D. (1983) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(83)90235-x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Evidence that carotid bodies play an important role in glucoregulation in vivo.
Koyama, Y., Coker, R. H., Stone, E. E., Lacy, D. B., Jabbour, K., Williams, P. E., & Wasserman, D. H. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.9.1434 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The organization of the hypothalamic pathways mediating affective defense behavior in the cat
Fuchs, S. A. G., Edinger, H. M., & Siegel, A. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90009-5 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Caloric Restriction Mimetics: Metabolic Interventions
Weindruch, R. H., Keenan, K. P., Carney, J. M., Fernandes, G., Feuers, R. J., Floyd, R. A., Halter, J. B., Ramsey, J. J., Richardson, A., Roth, G. S., et al. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.suppl_1.20 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Morrison, S. F., & Cao, W.-H. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.5.r1763 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Fukuda, M., Tanaka, A., Tahara, Y., Ikegami, H., Yamamoto, Y., Kumahara, Y., & Shima, K. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.1.81 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Neural pathways that control the glucose counterregulatory response
Verberne, A. J. M., Sabetghadam, A., & Korim, W. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00038 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrive, P., Bandler, R. J., & Dampney, R. A. L. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90378-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Adrenocortical control of the biosynthesis of epinephrine and proteins in the adrenal medulla
Wurtman, R. J., Pohorecky, L. A., & Baliga, B. S. (1972) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06926-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Glucose Sensing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Routh, V. H. (2010) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s101009002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Properties of C1 and other ventrolateral medullary neurones with hypothalamic projections in the rat
Verberne, A. J. M., Stornetta, R. L., & Guyenet, P. G. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0477t.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrive, P., Bandler, R., & Dampney, R. A. L. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91176-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Parker, T. L., Mohamed, A. A., & COUPLAND, R. E. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Chan, O. T. M., Zhu, W., Ding, Y., McCrimmon, R. J., & Sherwin, R. S. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0958 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Verhofstad, A. A. J., COUPLAND, R. E., Parker, T., et al. (1985) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00214536 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND ADRENALINE-NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE
COUPLAND, R. E. (1953) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0090194 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effects of hemorrhage on renal nerve activity in conscious dogs.
Morita, H., & Vatner, S. F. (1985) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.57.5.788 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hypothalamic control of adrenaline secretion in response to insufficient glucose
HIMSWORTH, R. L. (1970) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009021 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
PHYSIOLOGY OF GLUCOSE COUNTERREGULATION TO HYPOGLYCEMIA
Bolli, G. B., & Fanelli, C. G. (1999) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70083-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Identification of neural projections from the forebrain to the kidney, using the virus pseudorabies
Sly, D. J., Colvill, L., McKinley, M. J., & Oldfield, B. J. (1999) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00031-4 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Havel, P. J., & Åhrén, B. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.5.801 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Peripheral and Central Glucose Sensing In Hypoglycemic Detection
Donovan, C. M., & Watts, A. G. (2014) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00069.2013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Edwards, S. L., Anderson, C. R., Southwell, B. R., & McAllen, R. M. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)83019-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Böhme, P., Bertin, É., Cosson, E., & Chevalier, N. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.10.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sanders, N. M., & Ritter, S. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1865 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The innervation of the adrenal gland. III. Vagal innervation.
COUPLAND, R. E., Parker, T. L., Kesse, W., & Mohamed, A. A. (1989) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Adrenaline-Induced Hypertension in Rats
Majewski, H., Tung, L. H., & Rand, M. J. (1981) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-198101000-00016 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ontogeny of adrenomedullary responses to hypoxia and hypoglycemia: Role of splanchnic innervation
Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (1986) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90005-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Orexin neurons project to diverse sympathetic outflow systems
Geerling, J. C., Mettenleiter, T. C., & Loewy, A. D. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.07.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
J. METHYLATION REACTIONS IN THE FORMATION AND METABOLISM OF CATECHOLAMINES AND OTHER BIOGENIC AMINES
Axelrod, J. (1966) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)07245-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Midbrain central gray: influence on medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons and the baroreflex in rats
Verberne, A. J. M., & Guyenet, P. G. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.1.r24 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationFujita, S., & Donovan, C. M. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3258 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Scislo, T. J., Augustyniak, R. A., & O’Leary, D. S. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.4.r995 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bardgett, M. E., McCarthy, J. J., & Stocker, S. D. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.146605 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Li, Y., Wesselingh, S. L., & Blessing, W. W. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903170405 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rostroventrolateral medullary neurons modulate glucose homeostasis in the rat
Verberne, A. J. M., & Sartor, D. M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMidbrain influences on ventrolateral medullo-spinal neurones in the rat
Lovick, T. A. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229266 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Adrenaline: a physiological metabolic regulatory hormone in humans?
Cryer, P. E. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Biesold, D., Kurosawa, M., Sato, A., et al. (1989) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.39.511 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hypoglycemia in diabetes: common, often unrecognized.
Gabriely, I., & Shamoon, H. (2004) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.4.335 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Physiological functions of glucose‐inhibited neurones
Burdakov, D., & González, J. A. (2008) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01922.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Vollmer, R. R., Baruchin, A., Kolibal-Pegher, S., et al. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r716 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vasodilatation in hind-limb skeletal muscle evoked as part of the defence reaction in the rat
Yardley, C., & Hilton, S. M. (1987) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(87)90006-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Bronchodilator and Vasopressor Effects of Exercise Levels of Adrenaline in Man
Warren, J. B., & Dalton, N. R. (1983) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0640475 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Holgert, H., Åman, K., Cozzari, C., Hartman, B. K., Brimijoin, S., Emson, P. C., Goldstein, M., & Hökfelt, T. G. M. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199512150-00030 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kerman, I. A., Bernard, R., Rosenthal, D. T., Beals, J. L., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21511 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hypoglycemic detection at the portal vein is mediated by capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons
Fujita, S., Bohland, M., Sanchez‐Watts, G., Watts, A. G., & Donovan, C. M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00415.2006 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mohamed, A., Parker, T. L., & COUPLAND, R. E. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Physiological responses to insulin hypoglycaemia in spinal man
Mathias, C. J., Frankel, H. L., Turner, R. C., et al. (1979) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.1979.61 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
FitzGerald, G. A., Barnes, P. J., Hamilton, C. A., et al. (1980) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00052.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wesselingh, S. L., Li, Y.-W., & Blessing, W. W. (1989) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(89)90209-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ding, Z.-Q., Li, Y., Wesselingh, S. L., & Blessing, W. W. (1993) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(93)90338-u · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Ventrolateral Medulla and Sympathetic Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Schreihofer, A. M., & Sved, A. F. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.003.0005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Edwards, A. V. (1982) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014239 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reed, J. D., Sanders, D., & Thorpe, V. (1971) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009415 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity in splanchnic nerves of rats
Celler, B. G., & Schramm, L. P. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1981.241.1.r55 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The reflex release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal glands of cats and dogs.
Critchley, J., Ellis, P., & Ungar, A. (1980) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013067 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Korim, W. S., Farah, L. B., McMullan, S., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1073 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucose Sensing During Hypoglycemia: Lessons From the Lab
McCrimmon, R. J. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0123 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Thompson, J. M., O’Callaghan, C. J., Kingwell, B. A., Lambert, G. W., Jennings, G., & Esler, M. (1995) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(95)00048-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jensen, I., Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J., Pilowsky, P. M., Minson, J. B., & Chalmers, J. P. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903530310 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationKorim, W. S., Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J., & Verberne, A. J. M. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1712 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationGreater splanchnic nerve activity in the rat
Sapru, H. N., Gonzalez, E. R., & Krieger, A. J. (1982) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90058-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fenwick, N. M., Martin, C. L., & Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20870 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Approaches to Treatment of Melanoma
Hersey, P., Watts, R. N., Zhang, X. D., & Hackett, J. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0251 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Carlsson, S., Skarphedinsson, J. O., Delle, M., et al. (1992) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09300.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chemical Coding for Cardiovascular Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons in Rats
Gonsalvez, D. G., Kerman, I. A., McAllen, R. M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0796-10.2010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Adrenaline Secretion during Exercise
Warren, J. B., Dalton, N. R., Turner, C., et al. (1984) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0660087 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Electrophysiological study on the vagal innervation of the adrenal gland in the rat
Niijima, A. (1992) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(92)90130-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Black, J., Waeber, B., Bresnahan, M. R., et al. (1981) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.49.2.518 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shoukas, A. A. (1982) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.51.1.95 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
von Euler, U. S. (1966) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)07140-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Catecholaminergic C3 Neurons Are Sympathoexcitatory and Involved in Glucose Homeostasis
Menuet, C., Sevigny, C. P., Connelly, A. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3179-14.2014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The development and fate of the abdominal chromaffin tissue in the rabbit.
COUPLAND, R. E. (1956) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tóth, I. E., Banczerowski, P., Boldogkői, Z., Tóth, J. S., Szabó, A., Halász, B., & Gerendai, I. (2008) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency.
Rea, R. F., Biaggioni, I., Robertson, R. M., Haile, V., & Robertson, D. (1990) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.15.1.107 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adrenaline-Induced Hypertension in Rats
Tung, L. H., Rand, M. J., & Majewski, H. (1981) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs061191s · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, K., Miwa, S., Fujiwara, M., et al. (1987) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(25)00404-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cardiovascular responses in anticipation of changes in posture and locomotion
Smith, O. A., Astley, C. A., Spelman, F. A., et al. (2000) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00310-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Catecholamines and essential hypertension
Esler, M. (1993) · Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80182-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Natarajan, M., & Morrison, S. F. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01332-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
THE BLOOD-PRESSURE RAISING PRINCIPLE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND.
Takamine, J. (1902) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1902.62480030011001c · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tóth, I. E., Wiesel, O., Tóth, D. E., Boldogkői, Z., Halász, B., & Gerendai, I. (2008) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.20578 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Collett, A. R., & Story, D. (1982) · Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1474-8673.1982.tb00467.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
CARLSSON, S., Skarphedinsson, J. O., Delle, M., Hoffman, P., & Thorén, P. (1992) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09352.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gabella, G. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5745-9_1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ao, Y., Wu, S.-Y., Go, V. L. W., et al. (2005) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/01.mpa.0000172562.96168.59 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Activation of hepatic sympathetic nerves during hypoxic, hypotensive and glucopenic stress
Mundinger, T. O., Boyle, M. R., & Taborsky, G. J. (1997) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00004-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tsuchimochi, H., Nakamoto, T., & Matsukawa, K. (2009) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048553 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
α‐Adrenoceptor involvement in catecholamine‐induced hyperglycaemia in conscious fasted rabbits
Moratinos, J., Olmedilla‐Alonso, B., de Pablos, I., & Vigueras, M. (1986) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb11120.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hertelendy, Z. I., Patel, D., & Skau, K. A. (1992) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1260080 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evidence for an adrenergic innervation of the adrenal cortical blood vessels in rats
Carlsson, S., Jónsdóttir, I. H., Skarphedinsson, J. O., et al. (1993) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09588.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jensen, I., Pilowsky, P. M., Llewellyn‐Smith, I., et al. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91381-n · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationAhr[eacute]n, B., Taborsky, G. J., & Havel, P. J. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.29007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Role of adrenal medulla in hemodynamic response to hemorrhage and naloxone
Schadt, J. C., & Gaddis, R. R. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.3.r559 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
McIsaac, R. J., & Millerschoen, N. R. (1963) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26450-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rogers, P. F., Head, G. A., Lungershausen, Y. K., et al. (1991) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(91)90004-m · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A comparative study of sympathin and adrenine
Cannon, W. B., & Rosenblueth, A. (1935) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1935.112.2.268 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Davenport, H. W. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ar, C., Mj, R., & Df, S. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biollaz, B., Biollaz, J., Kohlman, O., et al. (1984) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(84)90573-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Verberne, A. J. M., & Gilbey, M. P. (2012) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2012.04.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Abel JJ, 1898, On epinephrin, the active constituent of the suprarenal capsule and its compounds, Proc Am Physiol Soc, 3, iii
- Goldstein DS, 1999, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 135
- Merck I, 1968, The Merck Index
- Parker TL, 1990, The innervation of the adrenal gland. IV. The source of pre‐ and postganglionic nerve fibres to the guinea‐pig adrenal gland, J Anat, 172, 17
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Allostasis in Neuroendocrine Systems Controlling Reproduction
Carrasco, R. A., & Breen, K. M. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad125 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Verberne, A. J. M., Korim, W. S., Sabetghadam, A., & Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Verberne, A J M
- Venue
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03-08
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1425-1437
- ISSN
- 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5381
- PMC
- PMC4831313
- OpenAlex
- W2281939227
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Austin Medical Research Foundation
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- epinephrine, hypoglycemia, counterregulation, type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia unawareness, glucagon secretion, insulin secretion, glucose detection, rostral ventrolateral medulla, presympathetic neurons, fight-or-flight response, energy mobilization, glucose metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Epinephrine, Humans, Hypoglycemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
