Sexism in childhood and adolescence: Recent trends and advances in research
Open accessAbstract
Sexism in many Western, technological-industrial societies is expressed in more complex ways in the 21st century than it was in the past. Cultural shifts have led to much progress toward gender equality, but narrow definitions of gender expression continue to be reinforced. Developmental research has highlighted the continued impact of sexism on children's and adolescents’ development. In this article, we review recent work on sexism in three areas: gender identity and expression, gender disparities in academic achievement, and sexual harassment and sexualized gender stereotypes. We conclude with suggestions for research.
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Similarities between Spanish and Italian adolescents in online sexual harassment understanding are partly attributed to social and cultural factors common to both Mediterranean countries, which have traditional gender patterns that support and legitimise sexist or aggressive behaviour among peers.
“These similarities are partly attributed to social and cultural factors that are common to both these Mediterranean countries, which have traditional gender patterns that support and legitimise sexist or aggressive behaviour among peers (Jewell et al., 2015; Leaper & Brown, 2018).”
From Online Sexual Harassment Perpetration Among Peer Adolescents: A Cross-National and Cross-Gender Study (2025) · cites this paper as Leaper & Brown, 2018
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- Authors
- Leaper, C., & Brown, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leaper, Campbell
- Brown, Christia Spears
- Venue
- Child Development Perspectives
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-02-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-15
- ISSN
- 1750-8592 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-8606
- OpenAlex
- W2746944881
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 7.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Child Development Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Keywords
- sexism, childhood, adolescence, gender identity, gender expression, sexual harassment, gender equality, cultural change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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