The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Child-Directed Speech Is Infrequent in a Forager-Farmer Population: A Time Allocation Study
Open accessAbstract
This article provides an estimation of how frequently, and from whom, children aged 0–11 years (Ns between 9 and 24) receive one-on-one verbal input among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia. Analyses of systematic daytime behavioral observations reveal < 1 min per daylight hour is spent talking to children younger than 4 years of age, which is 4 times less than estimates for others present at the same time and place. Adults provide a majority of the input at 0–3 years of age but not afterward. When integrated with previous work, these results reveal large cross-cultural variation in the linguistic experiences provided to young children. Consideration of more diverse human populations is necessary to build generalizable theories of language acquisition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, caregivers from different cultures may not all be equally talkative to their infants (see Cristia et al., 2019) which could also influence their response rates to infants' prelinguistic behaviors.”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Cristia et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2025) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 352,181
On The Language Instinct: (412952005-009)
Pinker, S., & American Psychological Association (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e412952005-009 · Cited by 5,646
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,173
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3435 · Cited by 4,103
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/466029a · Cited by 3,441
Chomsky (1959) · doi:10.2307/411334 · Cited by 3,425
Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code
Kuhl, P. K. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1533 · Cited by 2,291
(1985) · doi:10.2307/3333824 · Cited by 1,658
Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research
Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2897 · Cited by 1,409
Talking to Children Matters: Early Language Experience Strengthens Processing and Builds Vocabulary
Weisleder, A., & Fernald, A. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613488145 · Cited by 1,273
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Campbell, 2012, The indigenous languages of South America: A comprehensive guide, 59, 10.1515/9783110258035.59 · doi:10.1515/9783110258035.59
- Dahl, 2009, xtable: Export tables to latex or html
- Harkness, 1977, Talking to children, 309
- Hodson, 2014, Automatic voice coach gives conversation tips to parents, New Scientist, 221, 22
- Johnson, 1989, Time allocation research and aspects of method in cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Quantitative Anthropology, 1, 234
- Klein, 1977, Culture and infancy: Variations in the human experience, 385
- Konner, 1977, Culture and infancy: Variations in the human experience, 287
- Mastin, 2013, Exploring infant engagement, language socialization and vocabulary development
- Shneidman, 2010, Language input and acquisition in a Mayan village
- Tulkin, 1977, Culture and infancy: Variations in the human experience, 495
Cited by
Early Language Experience in a Tseltal Mayan Village
Casillas, M., Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13349 · Cited by 253
How Can We Accelerate Progress Towards Human-like Linguistic Generalization?
Linzen, T. (2020) · Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.465 · Cited by 148
What Artificial Neural Networks Can Tell Us about Human Language Acquisition
Warstadt, A., & Bowman, S. R. (2022) · Algebraic Structures in Natural Language · doi:10.1201/9781003205388-2 · Cited by 111
Findings of the BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora
Warstadt, A., Mueller, A., Choshen, L., Wilcox, E., Zhuang, C., Ciro, J., Mosquera, R., Paranjabe, B., Williams, A., Linzen, T., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the BabyLM Challenge at the 27th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.conll-babylm.1 · Cited by 74
“This amount can vary by a factor of 10 or more across cultures and socio-economic groups (Cristia et al., 2019).”
Toward a comparative approach to language acquisition
Christiansen, M. H., Contreras Kallens, P., & Trecca, F. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211049229 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Cristia, A., Dupoux, E., Gurven, M., & Stieglitz, J.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-04-30
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 759-773
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2765364385
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 62
- FWCI
- 44.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- Licence
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging (R01AG024119)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-14-CE30-0003 MechELex, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*, ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC, ANR-2010-BLAN-1901-1 BOOTLANG, ANR‐14‐CE30‐0003 MechELex, ANR‐10‐IDEX‐0001‐02 PSL*, ANR‐10‐LABX‐0087 IEC, ANR‐2010‐BLAN‐1901‐1 BOOTLANG)
- European Research Council (E-2011-AdG 295810 BOOTPHON))
- Fondation de France
- National Science Foundation (BCS-0136274, BCS-0422690, BCS‐0136274, BCS‐0422690)
- ANR Labex IAST
- National Institutes of Health (R01AG024119)
- H2020 European Research Council (E‐2011‐AdG 295810 BOOTPHON))
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Child-Directed Speech Is Infrequent in a Forager-Farmer Population: A Time Allocation Study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/cdev.12974
- The paper
- Cristia, A., Dupoux, E., Gurven, M., & Stieglitz, J. (2019). Child-Directed Speech Is Infrequent in a Forager-Farmer Population: A Time Allocation Study. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12974
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
