The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 30 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation.
Open accessAbstract
The dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking portrays the period as one characterized by a combination of heightened sensation seeking and still‐maturing self‐regulation, but most tests of this model have been conducted in the United States or Western Europe. In the present study, these propositions are tested in an international sample of more than 5000 individuals between ages 10 and 30 years from 11 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, using a multi‐method test battery that includes both self‐report and performance‐based measures of both constructs. Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self‐regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26. Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional, 11-country study finds that sensation seeking follows an inverted-U pattern, peaking around age 19, while self-regulation increases into the mid-20s and then plateaus. The broad developmental patterns are largely similar across countries, supporting central predictions of the dual systems model.
Key findings
- In the full sample, sensation seeking increased across adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter (linear age \(b = 0.35\), \(SE = 0.15\), \(p = .02\); quadratic age \(b = -0.19\), \(SE = 0.03\), \(p < .001\)); from ages 20 to 30 it decreased significantly (\(b = -2.00\), \(SE = 0.47\), \(p < .001\)).
- Self-regulation increased until the early-to-mid-20s (linear age \(b = 2.60\), \(SE = 0.15\), \(p < .001\); quadratic age \(b = -0.20\), \(SE = 0.03\), \(p < .001\)), peaked at age 24, and did not change significantly after age 25 (\(b = -0.77\), \(SE = 1.40\), \(p = .59\)).
- Country differences were significant for both composites (sensation seeking \(\Delta\chi^2(20) = 46.91\), \(p < .05\); self-regulation \(\Delta\chi^2(20) = 95.76\), \(p < .05\)), but most deviations were differences in degree rather than shape.
- Sensation seeking showed a significant inverted-U pattern in 7 of 11 countries; self-regulation increased significantly with age in 9 of 11 countries, with no systematic age variation in India and Jordan.
Methods
- Cross-sectional multinational sample: final analytic \(N = 5,105\) participants aged 10–30 from 11 countries (China, Colombia, Cyprus, India, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the US); initial sample \(N = 5,404\).
- Multi-method battery: sensation-seeking composite from modified Iowa Gambling Task, 6-item self-reported sensation seeking, and Stoplight game; self-regulation composite from Stroop task, self-reported planning, and Tower of London task.
- Analyses used regression with age and age-squared terms, controlling for parental education and WASI Matrix Reasoning scores, plus multiple-group structural equation models to test country differences; missing data handled with FIML and bootstrapped standard errors.
Limitations
- Stated: recruitment via flyers, schools, ads, and word of mouth meant the authors could not determine whether respondents differed from nonrespondents; they also declined post hoc explanations for unexpected country-level deviations.
- Stated: computerized WASI scores may not be comparable to traditionally administered WASI scores.
- Evident: the cross-sectional design cannot establish within-person developmental change, and measurement invariance was tested only for the self-report scales, not the behavioral tasks.
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31 Own result · 21 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation · 18 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self-regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
plaindirectn = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
plainn = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the age effects observed in China, Italy, and the Philippines differed from those of the aggregate, sensation seeking nevertheless followed an inverted-U pattern across age in each of these countries.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-regulation increased linearly with age in Colombia (b = 2.45, SE = 0.46, p <.001), Cyprus (b = 2.00, SE = 0.76, p = .009), Kenya (b = 1.27, SE = 0.43, p = .003), Sweden (b = 2.82, SE = 0.51, p <.001), and Thailand (b = 2.91, SE = 0.59, p <.001).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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In the paper
“Results for sensation seeking revealed a significant, inverted-U shaped curvilinear age pattern in 7 of the 11 countries: China, India, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, and the US.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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In the paper
“In Jordan and India self-regulation did not vary systematically with age (Jordan bage = −0.67, SE = 0.56, p = .23; India bage = 0.72, SE = 0.06, p = .20).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparison, the age pattern of self-regulation increased until the early to mid-20s (bage = 2.60, SE = 0.15, p < .001; bage2 = −0.20, SE = 0.03 p < .001) without a marked decrease thereafter.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Main Effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The omnibus chi-square difference tests indicated that the effects of age were not the same in all eleven countries for either the sensation-seeking composite (Δχ2(20) = 46.91, p < .05) or the self-regulation composite (Δχ2(20) = 95.76, p < .05).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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In the paper
“In Sweden and Cyprus, on the other hand, self-regulation increased linearly with age without plateauing (Sweden bage = 2.25, SE = 0.45, p < .001; Cyprus bage = 2.36, SE = 0.15, p < .001).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found no evidence that sensation seeking varied with age in Sweden (b = −0.21, SE = 0.58, p = .72), Colombia (b = −0.27, SE = 0.48, p = .57) or Cyprus (b = −0.32, SE = 0.55, p = .56).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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In the paper
“With respect to self-regulation, we found significant age-related increases in 9 of the 11 countries.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results of these analyses indicated that in China, Italy, Jordan, and the Philippines, the age-related pattern for sensation seeking differed significantly from the aggregate of the other countries”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensation seeking increased linearly with age in Jordan (b = 1.27, SE = 0.57, p = .03).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The omnibus chi-square difference tests indicated that the effects of age were not the same in all eleven countries for either the sensation-seeking composite (Δχ2(20) = 46.91, p < .05) or the self-regulation composite (Δχ2(20) = 95.76, p < .05).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Jordan, however, sensation seeking increased linearly with age (bage = 1.38, SE = 0.52, p = .007).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An analysis of the effects of age after this peak (i.e., those aged 20 to 30, N = 1,659) indicated that sensation seeking decreased significantly from age 20 to 30 (bage = −2.00, SE = 0.47, p < .001)”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Main Effects
hedgedcorrelationaln = 1,659 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the age pattern of the sensation-seeking composite within the whole sample followed an inverted-U pattern (bage = 0.35, SE = 0.15, p = .02; bage2 = −0.19, SE = 0.03 p < .001), increasing across adolescence, peaking around age 19, and subsequently declining into adulthood”
- Also stated in: § Main Effects · plain
“Sensation seeking peaked at age 19, consistent with visual inspection.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Main Effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
- Also stated in: § Main Effects · plain
In the paper
“As Shulman and colleagues (2016) concluded in a recent review, evidence in favor of the model is strong.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shulman and colleagues (2016)
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In the paper
“Sensation seeking increases during the first half of adolescence and declines thereafter, following an inverted-U shaped function (Luciana & Collins, 2012).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luciana & Collins, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, self-regulation—the capacity to deliberately modulate one’s thoughts, feelings, or actions in the pursuit of planned goals (Smith, Chein, & Steinberg, 2013)—increases linearly and gradually during adolescence before plateauing in adulthood (Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Self-regulatory capacities may reach adult-like levels around age 15 in relatively less arousing, “cool” contexts (Casey, 2015), but when tasks become more demanding or emotionally arousing, adult-like performance may not be reached until closer to the mid-20s (Cohen et al., 2016; Shulman et al., 2016; Veroude, Jolles, Croiset, & Krabbendam, 2013).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Shulman et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Veroude, Jolles, Croiset, & Krabbendam, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This measure has been shown to be correlated with self-reported sensation seeking (Steinberg et al., 2008).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Self-regulatory capacities may reach adult-like levels around age 15 in relatively less arousing, “cool” contexts (Casey, 2015), but when tasks become more demanding or emotionally arousing, adult-like performance may not be reached until closer to the mid-20s (Cohen et al., 2016; Shulman et al., 2016; Veroude, Jolles, Croiset, & Krabbendam, 2013).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Casey, 2015
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In the paper
“Experimentation with drinking, drug use, and premarital sex is neither accepted nor viewed as normative in many non-Western cultures (Haddad, Shotar, Umlauf, & Al-Zyound, 2010; Rehm et al., 2003).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haddad, Shotar, Umlauf, & Al-Zyound, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Rehm et al., 2003
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In the paper
“Planning scores were strongly correlated with other measures of similar constructs assessed in the present test battery (e.g., planning was positively correlated with the “planning ahead” subscale of the Future Orientation Scale, r = .50, p < .001; Steinberg et al., 2009).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg et al., 2009
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescence is a stage of development in which there are substantial differences among cultures in expectations, socialization practices, and the structure of social institutions (Larson, Wilson, & Rickman, 2009).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Larson, Wilson, & Rickman, 2009
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In the paper
“In some parts of the world, such as the United States, adolescence is viewed as a time during which the display of exuberance, novelty seeking, and experimentation with exciting experiences is not only normative, but desirable (Palladino, 1996).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Palladino, 1996
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In the paper
“Although the developmental trajectories of sensation seeking and self-regulation have been observed in many studies that have employed a variety of methods and measures, most of the relevant research has been carried out in the United States and a handful of Western European nations (especially the Netherlands; e.g., Peters, Jolles, Van Duijvenvoorde, Crone, & Peper, 2015; van Duijvenvoorde et al.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peters, Jolles, Van Duijvenvoorde, Crone, & Peper, 2015
- Not checked yetcites van Duijvenvoorde et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010
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In the paper
“Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for this scale (χ2[9] = 165.51, p < .0001, RMSEA = .058, 90% CI [.051, .066], CFI = .96, TLI = .94).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
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In the paper
“Both the United States and the Netherlands, where the bulk of research of age differences in sensation seeking and self-regulation has been done, score highly on indulgence relative to other countries, particularly those in Asia (e.g., China & India) and Eastern Europe (e.g., Ukraine & Romania) (Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 2010).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for this scale (χ2[9] = 142.33, p < .0001, RMSEA = .054, 90% CI [.046, .062], CFI = .97, TLI = .95).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there are minor variations in these patterns across countries, the similarities between the observed age trends are far more striking than the differences.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When countries evinced age patterns that differed from the overall trend, the differences were more often in degree rather than in kind (e.g., in how sharply sensation seeking peaks in late adolescence, or the degree to which self-regulation improves over the course of adolescence) rather than in the shape of the age trend.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results of the present analyses indicate that discrepancies among studies in the exact age of the peak are likely due to differences in samples and measures.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These results suggest that these questionnaires are reliable across countries in our sample.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The important point, it seems to us, is that pretty much regardless of how or where it was measured in this large international sample, sensation seeking is higher during middle and late adolescence than before or after.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, all but one of the deviations from the average age pattern reflected differences in the magnitude of the curvilinear pattern (i.e., as seen in China, Italy, and the Philippines), rather than the general shape of the age trend (as seen in Jordan).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our two self-report measures (sensation seeking and planning), no more than 14% of parameters—intercepts as well as loadings—were non-invariant (see Tables S1–S2).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, our findings indicate that the developmental patterns in sensation seeking and self-regulation observed previously in American and Western European samples are found in other parts of the world as well, in countries that vary considerably with respect to their cultural and economic contexts.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
- Rests on an assumption: The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of the present study suggest that these discrepancies may also be due to variations in samples and measures.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a public health perspective, this is very good news, for it suggests that adolescent recklessness is not the inevitable byproduct of the period’s neurobiology.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the two countries in which we did not observe increases in self-regulation with age (Jordan and India) both score relatively high in “restraint” in ratings of countries along the “Indulgence-Restraint” dimension (Hofstede et al., 2010)”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofstede et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an examination of the mean self-regulation composite scores in these countries indicates that the absence of an age trend on this measure is likely not due to a ceiling effect (i.e., the scores were not so high as to preclude improvement with age).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But regardless of how it is measured, the development of self-regulation clearly is not complete by the end of adolescence.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that this is the case can only mean that the broader context in which adolescents develop exerts a powerful impact on the extent to which young people engage in risky and health-compromising behavior.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self-regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
plaindirectn = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present sample, intercorrelations among the measures of sensation seeking were as follows: IGT reward approach and self-reported sensation seeking, r = .03, p < .05; IGT reward approach and Stoplight, r = .04, p < .01; and self-reported sensation seeking and Stoplight, r = .07, p < .001.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some locales, there were small differences between age groups in average levels of parental education, often with relatively lower average parental education reported by the older participants, whose parents had grown up at a time when postsecondary enrollment was less common, especially among women.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In China, Italy, the Philippines, and the US, self-regulation increased during adolescence and plateaued in early adulthood.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-regulation tended to increase linearly in Jordan (b = −0.97, SE = 0.58, p = .09), but we did not find age-related differences in India (b = 0.77, SE = 0.52, p = .14).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, although the peak in the composite measure was observed at 19, sensation seeking as indexed by risky driving on the Stoplight game peaked earlier than this, whereas sensation seeking as indexed by approach behavior on the Iowa Gambling Task peaked later.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stroop and Tower of London, r = .07, p < .001”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With regard to self-regulation, the age patterns of China, India, Italy, Jordan, Sweden, and the US each differed from the aggregate of the other countries”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with sensation seeking, age trends in self-regulation also varied as a function of how it was measured. The young adult plateau was most obvious with respect to impulse control as indexed by performance on the Tower of London, whereas scores on the measure of self-reported planning continued to improve during the late 20s.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, self-regulation peaked at age 24, but did not change significantly after age 25, remaining at the same level until age 30 (N = 802; bage = −0.77, SE = 1.40, p = .59).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Main Effects
plainn = 802- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-regulation increased across adolescence and plateaued in China, Italy, and the US, as it did in general, but the rate at which self-regulation increased and the age at which it plateaued varied among these countries.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“self-reported planning and Tower of London, r = .08, p < .001”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stroop and self-reported planning, r = .04, p < .01”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we do note that, although scores on the self-regulation composite did not change significantly with age in India, self-regulation as measured by the two behavioral tasks did show modest improvements with age (none of the self-regulation measures evinced age-related change in Jordan).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In many non-Western cultures, especially those in Asia, self-regulation is demanded from children at an early age and adolescence is not a time of exploration, self-indulgence, and novelty seeking, but of buckling down to prepare for adult life (Chaudhary & Sharma, 2012; Chen, Cen, Li, & He, 2005; Weisz, Chaiyasit, Weiss, Eastman, & Jackson, 1995).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chaudhary & Sharma, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Chen, Cen, Li, & He, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Weisz, Chaiyasit, Weiss, Eastman, & Jackson, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across countries, participants came from households with comparable levels of parent education, which averaged some college.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of assessments (3.2%, N=172) were rated as unusable (e.g., the participant did not appear to understand the questions or tasks, did not pay attention to instructions, or was obviously disengaged); these cases were dropped from the sample.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Procedures
plainn = 172- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliability for the whole sample on this 6-item scale was α= .63 with reliabilities for separate countries ranging from .49 (Kenya) to .78 (India).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, we were able to use these scores to control for any age group differences in general intellectual functioning that might influence task performance.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, we controlled for parental education in all analyses.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is especially true with respect to changes in reward processing, which are thought to be caused by changes in dopaminergic activity as a consequence of the impact of pubertal hormones on the brain’s reward-processing system (Luciana et al., 2012).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luciana et al., 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Measures were administered in the predominant language at each site, following forward- and back-translation and meetings to resolve any item-by-item ambiguities in linguistic or semantic content (Erkut, 2010; Maxwell, 1996).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erkut, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Maxwell, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliability for the whole sample on this 6-item scale was α = .63, with reliabilities for individual countries ranging from .47 (Colombia) to .73 (India).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Changes in cognitive control systems, in contrast, have been posited to be relatively more subject to environmental experience (see Smith et al., 2013).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2013
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this recruitment method, we cannot determine whether those who responded to recruitment ads differed from those who did not.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research staff in all countries underwent identical training procedures.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ WASI scores, because they were obtained via computer administration, may not be comparable to scores from traditionally administered WASIs.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the final analytic sample of 5,105 participants”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plainn = 5,105- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, although the correlations between the three components of each composite are modest, as we expected them to be, all three indicators of sensation seeking follow a curvilinear age pattern with a peak in adolescence, whereas all three indicators of self-regulation show a gradual increase between preadolescence and young adulthood.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although scores on the composite measure of sensation seeking in the sample as a whole peaked at age 19, the peak occurred somewhat earlier than this in some countries (e.g., Italy) and later in others (e.g., Kenya).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because some variables were negatively skewed (i.e., latency to first move on the Tower of London) or positively skewed (i.e., self-reported planning and accuracy on Stroop), we used bootstrapped standard errors (3,000 resamples) in assessing statistical significance and computing confidence intervals.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plainn = 5,105- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, some of the observed differences between countries in the age pattern of self-regulation reflected differences in the intensity with which self-regulation increased with age (e.g., in both China and Thailand, self-regulation increased and then plateaued, but the increase was relatively steeper in China), whereas other differences between countries reflected a distinctly different age-related”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) within Mplus was used to reduce bias due to missing data on these variables.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirectn = 5,105- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Per the guidelines provided by Muthén and Asparouhov (2014), approximate measurement invariance can be assumed if fewer than 25% of the parameters are non-invariant for a given measure.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muthén and Asparouhov (2014)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Owing to space considerations, and in light of previous research indicating that developmental trajectories of sensation seeking and self-regulation are quite similar among males and females (Shulman, Harden, Chein, & Steinberg, 2015), we elected not to conduct analyses separately by gender.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shulman, Harden, Chein, & Steinberg, 2015
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted earlier small number of assessments (3.18%, N=172) were rated as unusable by the interviewer and excluded from analyses.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plainn = 172- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses controlled for parent education and WASI t-score.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although scores on the composite measure of self-regulation in the sample as a whole plateaued during the mid-twenties, this pattern was observed in some countries (e.g., China), but not in others, where self-regulation continued to develop beyond this age (e.g., Colombia).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To minimize bias due to outliers, scores on any outcome variable that were greater than 3.5 standard deviations from the mean were recoded as missing”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally speaking, self-regulation develops linearly and gradually over the course of adolescence, reaching a plateau somewhere during the mid-20s, whereas reward seeking follows a ∩-shaped pattern, increasing between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaking around age 19, and then declining as individuals move into and through their twenties.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But given that actual rates of adolescents’ risky behavior vary considerably around the world, it is clear that while certain aspects of psychological development in adolescence may be universal (and perhaps dictated by biology), their downstream effects are not.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, the results of this study are consistent with portrayals of adolescence as a time of heightened sensation seeking in the face of still developing self-regulation, a combination that has been linked to the greater prevalence in risk taking during adolescence than before or after (Quinn & Harden, 2013; Steinberg, 2008).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Quinn & Harden, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Around the world, adolescence is a time when individuals are inclined to pursue exciting and novel experiences but have not yet fully developed the capacity to keep impulsive behavior in check.”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
- Rests on an assumption: The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.
In the paper
“We believe that the results presented here provide strong support for this view, a conclusion that is consistent with that of a recent comprehensive review of the neuroscientific and psychological literatures (Shulman et al., 2016).”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shulman et al., 2016
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Developmental changes and age differences in sensation seeking and self-regulation are linked to changes in brain structure and function that are universal or near-universal features of adolescent development.
“On the one hand, the dual systems view derives explicitly from a neurobiological perspective on adolescence that links developmental changes and age differences in sensation seeking and self-regulation to changes in brain structure and function that are assumed to be universal (or near-universal) features of adolescent development (Spear, 2013).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Normative maturation of crucial structures of cognitive control systems, such as the lateral prefrontal cortex, plays a significant role in the development of self-regulation between childhood and adulthood.
“Still, normative maturation of crucial structures of these systems, such as the lateral prefrontal cortex, is assumed to play a significant role in the development of self-regulation between childhood and adulthood (Casey, 2015).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age differences observed in this cross-sectional study reflect developmental change rather than cohort effects.
“The current paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional, multinational, multi-method study of behavioral and psychological development during the second two decades of life in a sample of approximately 5,000 individuals.”
“Using self-report and behavioral measures, we investigated age differences in sensation seeking and self-regulation.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Within the broad categories of sensation seeking and self-regulation, constructs measured at different levels of analysis or using different methods are often only weakly correlated, but the overarching categories provide helpful heuristics.
“We recognize that, within these broad categories, constructs measured at different levels of analysis, or using different methods, are often only weakly correlated (i.e., it is common to find low correlations between self-report and behavioral measures of putatively similar constructs), but we believe that the overarching categories provide helpful heuristics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
“Overall, our findings indicate that the developmental patterns in sensation seeking and self-regulation observed previously in American and Western European samples are found in other parts of the world as well”
The paper relies on this without support.
The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.
“Around the world, adolescence is a time when individuals are inclined to pursue exciting and novel experiences but have not yet fully developed the capacity to keep impulsive behavior in check.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Developmental changes in the brain lead to adolescents exhibiting heightened impulsiveness, which can lead to risky behaviors that may have long-term consequences [1, 2].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, the development of behaviours typical of this phase, such as risk taking and sensation seeking, is similar across contexts. 112”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [112]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“One reason for an earlychildhood focus in intervention efforts is the concentration of critical periods in neurodevelopment in the first years of life.5”
From Critical Periods in Child Development and the Transition to Adulthood (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(20) = 46.91reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(20) = 46.91, p < .05”
- Consistentχ²(20) = 95.76reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(20) = 95.76, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
“Self-regulation tended to increase linearly in Jordan”
§ Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation > Results > Differences Among Countries
“(b = −0.97, SE = 0.58, p = .09)”
Citations
Cites
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696
Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context
Hofstede, G. (2011) · Online Readings in Psychology and Culture · doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014 · Cited by 7,250
Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 · Cited by 6,128
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler, D. (1999) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15170-000 · Cited by 4,681
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741
A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking
Steinberg, L. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 3,644
Self-citationSpecies Richness of Parasite Assemblages: Evolution and Patterns
Poulin, R. (1997) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341 · Cited by 3,500
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Handbook of Adolescent Psychology
(2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470479193 · Cited by 2,938
Casey, B. J., Getz, S., & Galvan, A. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003 · Cited by 1,810
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Maxwell B., 1996, Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Technical Report: Vol. I. Design and Development, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health
McGorry, P. D., Mei, C., Dalal, N., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Blakemore, S.-J., Browne, V., Dooley, B., Hickie, I. B., Jones, P. B., McDaid, D., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00163-9 · Cited by 663
Studying individual differences in human adolescent brain development
Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0078-4 · Cited by 413
Child Sexual Abuse: Toward a Conceptual Model and Definition
Mathews, B., & Collin‐Vézina, D. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017738726 · Cited by 396
Age Patterns in Risk Taking Across the World
Duell, N., Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Chein, J., Chaudhary, N., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Oburu, P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0752-y · Cited by 374
Self-citationAlison Gopnik, C., O’Grady, S., Lucas, C. G., Griffiths, T. L., Wente, A., Bridgers, S., Aboody, R., Fung, H., & Dahl, R. E. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1700811114 · Cited by 355
Metadata
- Authors
- Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Shulman, E. P., Breiner, K., Chein, J., Bacchini, D., Chang, L., Chaudhary, N., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., Alampay, L. P., Al‐Hassan, S. M., & Takash, H. M. S.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Temple University (US)
- Brock University (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- University of Macau (MO)
- University of Delhi (IN)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Cyprus (CY)
- Maseno University (KE)
- University West (SE)
- Chiang Mai University (TH)
- Consultorio Psicológico Popular Universidad San Buenaventura Cali Columbia
- Ateneo de Manila University (PH)
- Hashemite University (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Steinberg, Laurence
- ORCID
- Steinberg, Laurence
- Icenogle, Grace
- Breiner, Kaitlyn
- Chein, Jason
- Bacchini, Dario
- Chang, Lei
- Chaudhary, Nandita
- Giunta, Laura Di
- Dodge, Kenneth A.
- Fanti, Kostas A.
- Lansford, Jennifer E.
- Malone, Patrick S.
- Oburu, Paul
- Pastorelli, Concetta
- Skinner, Ann T.
- Sorbring, Emma
- Tapanya, Sombat
- Alampay, Liane Peña
- Al‐Hassan, Suha M.
- Takash, Hanan M. S.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC6473801
- OpenAlex
- W2585258968
- Semantic Scholar
- 9ea4eef7f70037a8914130ed70ebf18d36037c3d
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18
- FWCI
- 24.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Klaus J. Jacobs Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Keywords
- sensation seeking, self-regulation, dual systems model, adolescent risk-taking, developmental trajectories, cross-cultural comparison, late childhood, early adulthood, age trends, performance-based measures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Risk-Taking, Sensation, United States, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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