The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The confusing tale of depression and distress in patients with diabetes: a call for greater clarity and precision
Open accessAbstract
Studies have identified significant linkages between depression and diabetes, with depression associated with poor self‐management behaviour, poor clinical outcomes and high rates of mortality. However, findings are not consistent across studies, yielding confusing and contradictory results about these relationships. We suggest that there has been a failure to define and measure ‘depression’ in a consistent manner. Because the diagnosis of depression is symptom‐based only, without reference to source or content, the context of diabetes is not considered when addressing the emotional distress experienced by individuals struggling with diabetes. To reduce this confusion, we suggest that an underlying construct of ‘emotional distress’ be considered as a core construct to link diabetes‐related distress, subclinical depression, elevated depression symptoms and major depressive disorder ( MDD ). We view emotional distress as a single, continuous dimension that has two primary characteristics: content and severity; that the primary content of emotional distress among these individuals include diabetes and its management, other life stresses and other contributors; and that both the content and severity of distress be addressed directly in clinical care. We suggest further that all patients, even those whose emotional distress rises to the level of MDD or anxiety disorders, can benefit from consideration of the content of distress to direct care effectively, and we suggest strategies for integrating the emotional side of diabetes into regular diabetes care. This approach can reduce confusion between depression and distress so that appropriate and targeted patient‐centred interventions can occur.
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“Although often confused with depression, unlike depression DD is directly linked with poor glycemic control and problematic self-care behaviors [2–6].”
From Diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes: prevalence, incidence and change over time (2016) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
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The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926
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Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis
de Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015 · Cited by 1,799
Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses
Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Von Korff, M., Ciechanowski, P., Ludman, E. J., Young, B., Peterson, D., Rutter, C. M., McGregor, M., & McCulloch, D. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1003955 · Cited by 1,697
Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mullan, J., & Jackson, R. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.626 · Cited by 1,575
Self-citationThe concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.3.373 · Cited by 1,268
Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence: A Meta-Analysis
Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M., McCarl, L. A., Collins, E. M., Serpa, L., Mimiaga, M. J., & Safren, S. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1341 · Cited by 1,060
Self-citationExamining a Bidirectional Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes
Golden, S. H. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.23.2751 · Cited by 916
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Perrin, N. E., Davies, M. J., Robertson, N., Snoek, F. J., & Khunti, K. (2017) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13448 · Cited by 495
Constructs of depression and distress in diabetes: time for an appraisal
Snoek, F. J., Bremmer, M. A., & Hermanns, N. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00135-7 · Cited by 449
Influence of race, ethnicity and social determinants of health on diabetes outcomes.
Walker, R. J., Strom Williams, J., & Egede, L. E. (2016) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.008 · Cited by 431
Understanding the sources of diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes
Fisher, L., Polonsky, W. H., Hessler, D. M., Masharani, U., Blumer, I., Peters, A. L., Strycker, L. A., & Bowyer, V. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.01.012 · Cited by 414
Self-citationTwenty‐five years of diabetes distress research
Skinner, T. C., Joensen, L. E., & Parkin, T. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14157 · Cited by 402
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, L., Gonzalez, J. S., & Polonsky, W. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, L.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-06-18
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 764-772
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- PMC
- PMC4065190
- OpenAlex
- W2036323100
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK094863)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- diabetes distress, depression, emotional distress, major depressive disorder, subthreshold depression, diabetes self-management, anxiety disorders, patient-centered care
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Emotions, Humans, Self Care, Severity of Illness Index, Medication Adherence
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