Mechanisms, screening modalities and treatment options for individuals with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exists as a spectrum of disease ranging from excessive accumulation of fat within the liver (simple steatosis), inflammation (non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis) through to fibrosis, cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease. There is also an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The principal risk factor for NAFLD is overweight or obesity, along with type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD itself is also a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes. Overweight/obesity is synergistic with alcohol consumption in causing progressive and insidious liver damage. Recent consensus advocates a change in nomenclature from NAFLD to ‘metabolic associated fatty liver disease’ (MAFLD), reflective of the associated metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome components). Additional extra‐hepatic manifestations of NAFLD include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and certain cancers. Unlike other micro‐ and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes, systematic screening or surveillance protocols have not been widely adopted in routine diabetes care to assess for presence/severity of NAFLD. Various screening tools are available (non‐invasive tests and biochemical indices) combined with imaging techniques (e.g. transient elastography) to detect steatosis and more importantly advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis to facilitate appropriate surveillance. Liver biopsy may be sometimes necessary. Treatment options for type 2 diabetes, including lifestyle interventions (dietary change and physical activity), glucose‐lowering therapies and metabolic surgery, can modulate hepatic steatosis and to a lesser extent fibrosis. Awareness of the impact of liver disease on the choice of glucose‐lowering medications in individuals with type 2 diabetes is also critical.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Once MASLD progresses beyond steatosis to steatohepatitis with fibrosis, there is substantial risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
“Once MASLD progresses beyond steatosis to steatohepatitis with fibrosis, there is substantial risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.124,125”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [125]
The presence of MASLD is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“The presence of MASLD is also associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (and is present in ~70% of people with type 2 diabetes) and cardiovascular disease.125”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [125]
Cites
Younossi, Z. M., Koenig, A. B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., & Wymer, M. (2016) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.28431 · Cited by 10,781 · see citing works
Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Charlton, M., Cusi, K., Rinella, M., Harrison, S. A., Brunt, E. M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2018) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29367 · Cited by 7,239 · see citing works
EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
(2016) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004 · Cited by 4,836 · see citing works
Pioglitazone, Vitamin E, or Placebo for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Sanyal, A. J., Chalasani, N., Kowdley, K. V., McCullough, A., Diehl, A. M., Bass, N. M., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., Lavine, J. E., Tonascia, J., Unalp, A., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907929 · Cited by 3,327 · see citing works
MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Eslam, M., Sanyal, A. J., George, J., Sanyal, A., Neuschwander-Tetri, B., Tiribelli, C., Kleiner, D. E., Brunt, E., Bugianesi, E., Yki-Järvinen, H., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312 · Cited by 3,286 · see citing works
Angulo, P., Hui, J. M., Marchesini, G., Bugianesi, E., George, J., Farrell, G. C., Enders, F., Saksena, S., Burt, A. D., Bida, J. P., et al. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21496 · Cited by 3,198 · see citing works
Byrne, C. D., & Targher, G. (2015) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012 · Cited by 3,082 · see citing works
Bedogni, G., Bellentani, S., Miglioli, L., Masutti, F., Passalacqua, M., Castiglione, A., & Tiribelli, C. (2006) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-6-33 · Cited by 3,054 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1008862 · Cited by 2,726 · see citing works
Vilar-Gomez, E., Martinez-Perez, Y., Calzadilla-Bertot, L., Torres-Gonzalez, A., Gra-Oramas, B., Gonzalez-Fabian, L., Friedman, S. L., Diago, M., & Romero-Gomez, M. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.005 · Cited by 2,492 · see citing works
Estes, C., Razavi, H. A., Loomba, R. S., Younossi, Z. M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2017) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29466 · Cited by 2,416 · see citing works
Younossi, Z. M., Golabi, P., de Avila, L., Paik, J. M., Srishord, M., Fukui, N., Qiu, Y., Burns, L., Afendy, A., & Nader, F. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.021 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
Armstrong, M. J., Gaunt, P., Aithal, G. P., Barton, D., Hull, D., Parker, R., Hazlehurst, J. M., Guo, K., Abouda, G., Aldersley, M. A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00803-x · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Dulai, P. S., Singh, S., Patel, J., Soni, M., Prokop, L. J., Younossi, Z., Sebastiani, G., Ekstedt, M., Hagstrom, H., Nasr, P., et al. (2017) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29085 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis
Anstee, Q. M., Targher, G., & Day, C. P. (2013) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41 · Cited by 1,747 · see citing works
Performance of Transient Elastography for the Staging of Liver Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis
Friedrich‐Rust, M., Ong, M. F., Martens, S., Sarrazin, C., Bojunga, J., Zeuzem, S., & Herrmann, E. M. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.034 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Targher, G., Bertolini, L., Padovani, R., Rodella, S., Tessari, R., Zenari, L., Day, C. P., & Arcaro, G. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2247 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
McPherson, S., Stewart, S. F., Henderson, E., Burt, A. D., & Day, C. P. (2010) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2010.216077 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Xiao, G., Zhu, S., Xiao, X., Yan, L., Yang, J., & Wu, G. (2017) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29302 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Newsome, P. N., Sasso, M., Deeks, J. J., Paredes, A. H., Boursier, J., Chan, W., Yilmaz, Y. N., Czernichow, S., Zheng, M., Wong, V. W., et al. (2020) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30383-8 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Guha, I. N., Parkes, J., Roderick, P. J., Chattopadhyay, D., Cross, R., Harris, S., Kaye, P., Burt, A. D., Ryder, S. D., Aithal, G. P., et al. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21984 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Tsochatzis, E. A., Gurusamy, K. S., Ntaoula, S., Cholongitas, Ε., Davidson, B. R., & Burroughs, A. K. (2010) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.033 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Kuchay, M. S., Krishan, S., Mishra, S. K., Farooqui, K. J., Singh, M. K., Wasir, J. S., Bansal, B., Kaur, P., Jevalikar, G., Gill, H. K., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0165 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Wong, V. W.-S., Wong, G. L., Choi, P. C. L., Chan, A. W. H., Li, M. K.-P., Chan, H.-Y., Chim, A. M.-L., Yu, J. Q., Sung, J. J. �., & Chan, H. L. (2010) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2009.205088 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis
Mantovani, A., Byrne, C. D., Bonora, E., & Targher, G. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1902 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Williams, R. L., Aspinall, R., Bellis, M. A., Camps-Walsh, G., Cramp, M., Dhawan, A. K., Ferguson, J., Forton, D. M., Foster, G. R., Gilmore, S. I., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61838-9 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Loomba, R. S., Wolfson, T. J., Ang, B., Hooker, J. C., Behling, C. A., Peterson, M. R., Valasek, M. A., Lin, G., Brenner, D. A., Gamst, A. C., et al. (2014) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.27362 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Lomonaco, R., Ortiz‐Lopez, C., Orsak, B., Webb, A., Hardies, J., Darland, C., Finch, J., Gastaldelli, A., Harrison, S. A., Tio, F. O., et al. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.25539 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic vascular complications of diabetes mellitus
Targher, G., Lonardo, A., & Byrne, C. D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.173 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Eriksson, J. W., Lundkvist, P., Jansson, P.-A., Johansson, L., Kvarnström, M., Moris, L., Miliotis, T., Forsberg, G.-B., Risérus, U., Lind, L., et al. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4675-2 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Targher, G., Bertolini, L., Rodella, S., Zoppini, G., Lippi, G., Day, C. P., & Muggeo, M. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0897-4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a call to action
Bril, F., & Cusi, K. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1787 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Koehler, E. M., Plompen, E. P. C., Schouten, J. N. L., Hansen, B. E., Murad, S. D., Taimr, P., Leebeek, F. W. G., Albert Hofman, D., Stricker, B. H. C., Castéra, L., et al. (2015) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.27981 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Allen, A. M., Hicks, S. B., Mara, K. C., Larson, J. J., & Therneau, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.018 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Bril, F., Biernacki, D. M., Kalavalapalli, S., Lomonaco, R., Subbarayan, S. K., Lai, J., Tio, F., Suman, A., Orsak, B. K., Hecht, J., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0167 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Adams, L. A., Harmsen, S. W., Sauver, J. L. S., Charatcharoenwitthaya, P., Enders, F., Therneau, T. M., & Angulo, P. (2010) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.18 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Cuthbertson, D. J., Irwin, A., Gardner, C. J., Daousi, C., Purewal, T., Furlong, N., Goenka, N., Thomas, E. L., Adams, V. L., Pushpakom, S. P., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050117 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationNon‐invasive screening of diabetics in primary care for NAFLD and advanced fibrosis by MRI and MRE
Doycheva, I., Cui, J. Y., Nguyen, P., Costa, E. A., Hooker, J. C., Hofflich, H., Bettencourt, R., Brouha, S. S., Sirlin, C. B., & Loomba, R. S. (2015) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13405 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Cusi, K., Bril, F., Barb, D., Polidori, D., Sha, S., Ghosh, A., Farrell, K., Sunny, N. E., Kalavalapalli, S., Pettus, J., et al. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13584 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hallsworth, K., Thoma, C., Hollingsworth, K. G., Cassidy, S., Anstee, Q. M., Day, C. P., & Trenell, M. I. (2015) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20150308 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bril, F., McPhaul, M. J., Caulfield, M. P., Clark, V., Soldevila‐Pico, C., Firpi-Morell, R. J., Lai, J., Shiffman, D., Rowland, C. M., & Cusi, K. J. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1071 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Sattar, N. A., FITCHETT, D. H., Hantel, S., George, J. T., & Zinman, B. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4702-3 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Nobili, V., Alisi, A., Newton, K. P., & Schwimmer, J. B. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.009 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Cuthbertson, D. J., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Sprung, V. S., Jones, H., Pugh, C. J. A., Richardson, P., Kemp, G. J., Barrett, M., Jackson, N. C., Thomas, E. L., et al. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20150447 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationMantovani, A., Byrne, C. D., Scorletti, E., Mantzoros, C. S., & Targher, G. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2019.12.007 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Repeatability and reproducibility of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the liver
Bachtiar, V., Kelly, M. D., Wilman, H. R., Jacobs, J., Newbould, R., Kelly, C. J., Gyngell, M. L., Groves, K. E., McKay, A., Herlihy, A. H., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214921 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Targher, G., Bertolini, L., & Day, C. P. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1009 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Singh, A., Le, P., Peerzada, M. M., López, R., & Alkhouri, N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000905 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Johansson, L., Hockings, P. D., JOHNSSON, E. K., Dronamraju, N., Maaske, J., García‐Sánchez, R., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBanerjee, R., Kelly, M., Wilman, H., Wright, T. L., & Neubauer, S. (2018) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.04.022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity
Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Cohen, R. V., Wilding, J. P. H., Brown, W. A., Stanford, F. C., Batterham, R. L., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00316-4 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
Self-citationCarpi, R. Z., Barbalho, S. M., Sloan, K. P., Laurindo, L. F., Gonzaga, H. F., Grippa, P. C., Zutin, T. L. M., Gírio, R. J. S., Repetti, C. S. F., Detregiachi, C. R. P., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158805 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Roeb, E., Canbay, A. E., Tacke, F., Bantel, H., Bojunga, J., de Laffolie, J., Demir, M., Denzer, U. W., Geier, A., Hofmann, W. P., et al. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-1880-2283 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hydes, T., Alam, U., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.640557 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Yin, X., Guo, X., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032844 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Riley, D. R. J., Hydes, T., Hernadez, G., Zhao, S. S., Alam, U., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2024) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.16016 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationZeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Jayedi, A., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab250 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ma, C., Yang, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Hu, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318696 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alhabahbeh, R., Obeidat, A., Jaber, D. S., AlKhaldi, M. M., Ghanem, L., Toubasi, A. A., Obeidat, Z. N., & Alhawari, H. H. (2025) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/ije/6676114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Wu, C., Chen, M., Xu, H., Wang, S., Liu, J., & Han, J. (2021) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08783-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, C., Ji, X., Ji, N., Yan, Q.-F., Xu, H., Wang, X., Chen, X., & Lu, C.-F. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01937-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Wang, T., Ji, J., Wang, J.-S., Zhang, Y., & Sun, X. (2024) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2024.9250039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ji, C., & Liu, F. (2026) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-026-02168-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sridevi, S., Nirenjen, S., Begum, R. F., Harikrishnan, N., & Ankul Singh, S. (2025) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/0115734013384230250710024703 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research status and progress of metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Chi, Z.-C. (2022) · World Chinese Journal of Digestology · doi:10.11569/wcjd.v30.i1.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demidova, T. Y., Izmaylova, M. Y., Belova, K. M., & Titova, V. V. (2023) · FOCUS Endocrinology · doi:10.15829/2713-0177-2023-3-14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teplyuk, D. A., Kaisina, A. A., Ibragimova, S. I., Bestavashvili, A., Тинькова, И. О., Pashkova, E. Y., Kaibullayeva, J. A., Vitalevich, N. A., & Pavlov, C. S. (2023) · Consilium Medicum · doi:10.26442/20751753.2023.5.202272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gao, B., Lin, Y., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Gou, S., Ma, P., Zhao, X., Zhou, Y. F., Chen, Q., Yuan, L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1647629
Shaping the MASLD Evidence Base? Rethinking Geographic and Gender Representation in the Literature
Cheah, M. C. C., & Goh, G. (2026) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-026-09719-7
Najafova, V. N. (2026) · Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini · doi:10.15407/internalmed2026.01.046
The burden of metabolic diseases in Chinese youth, 1990–2021: a Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Liu, H., Zhang, B., Ma, C., Sun, X., Gao, L., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-026-05311-x
- Authors
- Hydes, T. J., Summers, N., Brown, E., Alam, U., Thomaides‐Brears, H., Wilding, J. P. H., & Cuthbertson, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Perpsectum Gemini One Oxford UK
- Corresponding author
- Hydes, T. J.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-07-13
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1793-1806
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W3040248250
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, NAFLD screening, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, transient elastography, liver biopsy, glucose-lowering therapy, metabolic surgery, lifestyle intervention, cardiovascular risk, chronic kidney disease, extrahepatic manifestations
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Alanine Transaminase, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Biopsy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet Therapy, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mass Screening, Obesity, Platelet Count, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Exercise, Metabolic Syndrome, Thiazolidinediones, Bariatric Surgery, Elasticity Imaging Techniques, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
