‘The missing links’: understanding how context and mechanism influence the impact of public involvement in research
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: It is now more widely recognized that public involvement in research increases the quality and relevance of the research. However, there are also more questions as to exactly how and when involvement brings added value. THE NATURE OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE OF IMPACT: Based on the findings of recent literature reviews, most reports of public involvement that discuss impact are based on observational evaluations. These usefully describe the context, the type of involvement and the impact. However, the links between these factors are rarely considered. The findings are therefore limited to identifying the range of impacts and general lessons for good practice. Reflecting on the links between context, mechanism and outcome in these observational evaluations identifies which aspects of the context and mechanism could be significant to the outcome. Studies that are more in line with the principles of realistic evaluation can test these links more rigorously. Building on the evidence from observational evaluations to design research that explores the 'missing links' will help to address the question 'what works best, for whom and when'. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a more intentional and explicit exploration of the links between context, mechanism and outcome, applying the principles of realistic evaluation to public involvement in research, should lead to a more sophisticated understanding of the factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of positive outcomes. This will support the development of more strategic approaches to involvement maximizing the benefits for all involved.
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There is a notable lack of evidence on outcomes and impact of PPI, and what little evidence there is tends to be observational evaluations which rarely consider the links between context, models of PPI and outcomes.
“Not only is there a notable lack of evidence on outcomes and impact of PPI, 31 but what little there is tends to be observational evaluations which rarely consider the links between the context (when and where PPI happens), models of PPI (how it functions) and the outcomes of PPI (what difference it made).32”
From ReseArch with Patient and Public invOlvement: a RealisT evaluation – the RAPPORT study (2015) · cites this paper as [32]
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Research in Partnership With Older People—Involvement in Conducting and Analysing Focus Groups
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Public engagement in health research
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Research and Practice or What About the Wild?
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- Authors
- Staley, K., Buckland, S. A., Hayes, H., & Tarpey, M.
- Affiliations
- TwoCan Associates (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Staley, Kristina
- ORCID
- Staley, Kristina
- Venue
- Health Expectations
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-10-29
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 755-764
- ISSN
- 1369-6513 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-7625
- PMC
- PMC5060928
- OpenAlex
- W2147115701
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Expectations (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
- Keywords
- public involvement in research, research impact, context-mechanism-outcome, realist evaluation, observational assessment, research relevance, research quality, citizen participation
- MeSH terms
- Community Participation, Biomedical Research, Observational Studies as Topic
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