Rental Discrimination and Ethnicity in Names1
Abstract
Laboratory studies have demonstrated the ability of names to prime stereotypes. To apply these theories and test the effect of name‐based ethnic stereotypes on housing discrimination, 1,115 inquiry e‐mail messages were sent to landlords advertising apartment vacancies in Los Angeles County over 10 weeks (6 weeks before the conflict with Iraq began in March 2003 and 4 weeks during the conflict). One of three names that implied either Arab, African American, or White ethnicity was randomly assigned to each of the messages sent. African American and Arab names received significantly fewer positive responses than the White name, and the African American name fared worst of all. This pattern held true in all rent categories, in corporate and privately owned apartment complexes, and before and during the war in Iraq.
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Names reliably trigger differential treatment in experimental research.
“Names reliably trigger differential treatment in experimental research”
From All Public Voices Are Equal, But Are Some More Equal Than Others to LLMs? (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works
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Ethnic discrimination in the Italian rental housing market
Baldini, M., & Federici, M. (2011) · Journal of Housing Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2011.02.003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“This approach in the rental housing market was used for the first time by Carpusor and Loges (2006): their results show that in Los Angeles County the Afro-American- and Arab-sounding names receive less callbacks than the white-sounding names, and that Afro-Americans are the ethnic group most…”
MethodStructural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States
Misra, S., Kwon, S. C., Abraído-Lanza, A. F., Chebli, P., Trinh-Shevrin, C., & Yi, S. S. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211010676 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. Rental Housing Market
Hanson, A., & Santas, M. (2014) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.4284/0038-4038-2012.231 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Stone, J., Whitehead, J., Schmader, T., & Focella, E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.016 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Distanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self
Gainsburg, I., & Kross, E. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103969 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hamovitch, L., Zannella, L., Rempel, E., Graf, H., & Clow, K. (2022) · The Wrongful Conviction Law Review · doi:10.29173/wclawr71 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
All Public Voices Are Equal, But Are Some More Equal Than Others to LLMs?
Kim, S., Janssen, M. A., Wang, J., Min-Venditti, A., Karanjia, N., & Anderies, J. M. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.17247
- Authors
- Carpusor, A. G., & Loges, W. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpusor, Adrian G.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 934-952
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W1763012107
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 13.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Keywords
- ethnic stereotypes, housing discrimination, Iraq War, stereotypes and discrimination, landlords
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