Thanks for asking: Self-affirming questions reduce backlash when stigmatized targets confront prejudice
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Arab American men were able to induce prejudiced people to consider their perspective of being unfairly treated in the wake of 9/11 when they first asked them self-affirming questions.
“Arab American men were able to induce prejudiced people to consider their perspective of being unfairly treated in the wake of 9/11 when they first asked them self-affirming questions”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Stone et al. 2011
Reducing ego-defensiveness by encouraging people to affirm positive things about themselves sometimes helps to reduce information-processing biases.
“In terms of research interventions, reducing ego-defensiveness by encouraging people to affirm positive things about themselves sometimes helps to reduce information-processing biases129,130.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [130]
Cites
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
Psychological perspectives on the self
Suls, J. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1982) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 2,300 · see citing works
Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250106 · Cited by 1,948 · see citing works
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.708 · Cited by 1,725 · see citing works
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.
Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605634 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
The psychology of stereotyping
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-1892 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Callahan, M. P. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.163 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review
MCQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600805325 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Stop Complaining! The Social Costs of Making Attributions to Discrimination
Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272010 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
The Antecedents and Implications of Interracial Anxiety
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006011 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Confronting Prejudice (Literally): Reactions to Confrontations of Racial and Gender Bias
Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202250923 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation.
Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.784 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts.
Goff, P. A., Steele, C. M., & Davies, P. G. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.91 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Perspective and Prejudice: Antecedents and Mediating Mechanisms
Dovidio, J. F., ten Vergert, M., Stewart, T. L., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, J. D., Esses, V. M., Riek, B. M., & Pearson, A. R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271177 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Excuse Me—What Did You Just Say?!: Women's Public and Private Responses to Sexist Remarks
Swim, J. K., & Hyers, L. L. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1370 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes.
Sinclair, L., & Kunda, Z. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.885 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-Affirmation Reduces Biased Processing of Health-Risk Information
Reed, M. B., & Aspinwall, L. G. (1998) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021463221281 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Expecting To Be the Target of Prejudice: Implications for Interethnic Interactions
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Salvatore, J. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205274894 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Rental Discrimination and Ethnicity in Names<sup>1</sup>
Carpusor, A. G., & Loges, W. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00050.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Schmeichel, B. J., & Martens, A. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271567 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Providing mental health services to Arab Americans: Recommendations and considerations.
Erickson, C. D., & Al-Timimi, N. R. (2001) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.7.4.308 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Threatened identities and interethnic interactions
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Vorauer, J. D. (2006) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280601095240 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Protestant Ethic, conservatism, and values.
Feather, N. T. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.5.1132 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The effect of self-affirmation on perception of racism
Adams, G., Tormala, T. T., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.11.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Psychology of Stereotyping
Chaiklin, H. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000180748.87223.92 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Defining racism safely: The role of self-image maintenance on white Americans’ conceptions of racism
Unzueta, M. M., & Lowery, B. S. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.011 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02265.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Think Unto Others: The Self-Destructive Impact of Negative Racial Stereotypes
Wheeler, S. C., Jarvis, W. B. G., & Petty, R. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1448 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Responses to Other-Imposed Pro-Black Pressure: Acceptance or Backlash?
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1478 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Blanton, H., Cooper, J., Slkurnik, I., & Aronson, J. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297237002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Vorauer, J. D., Martens, V., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013411 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Derous, E., Nguyen, H.-H. D., & Ryan, A. M. (2009) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959280903120261 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00018-0 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Koningsbruggen, G. M., Das, E., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015610 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Anti-Black prejudice as a function of exposure to the negative behavior of a single Black person.
Henderson-King, E. I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.654 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Stigmatized sources and persuasion: Prejudice as a determinant of argument scrutiny.
Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., & White, P. H. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.19 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Egalitarianism, Moral Obligation, and Prejudice-Related Personal Standards
Monteith, M. J., & Walters, G. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Reducing prejudice: The target's perspective.
Major, B., Quinton, W. J., McCoy, S. K., & Schmader, T. (2000) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationCompensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals
Moskowitz, G. B., Li, P., Ignarri, C., & Stone, J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationKoole, S. L., & van Knippenberg, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The effect of self-affirmation on sexual prejudice
Lehmiller, J. J., Law, A. T., & Tormala, T. T. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
When feeling good is bad: The detrimental effect of self -affirmation on prejudice
Rivera, L. M. (2006) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Todd, A. R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12116 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism
Drury, B. J., & Kaiser, C. R. (2014) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12083 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Non‐conscious bias in medical decision making: what can be done to reduce it?
Stone, J., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04026.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful
Czopp, A. M., Kay, A. C., & Cheryan, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615588091 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature
Nelson, J. K., Dunn, K. M., & Paradies, Y. (2011) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01274.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-Affirmations Provide a Broader Perspective on Self-Threat
Critcher, C. R., & Dunning, D. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214554956 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
de Buisonjé, D. R., Ritter, S. M., de Bruin, S., ter Horst, J. M.-L., & Meeldijk, A. (2017) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2017.1303308 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The consequences of confronting prejudice
Czopp, A. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00005-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Navigating successful confrontations
Monteith, M. J., Burns, M. D., & Hildebrand, L. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00006-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kennedy, J. A., & Kray, L. J. (2015) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2015.09.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Fusion-Secure Base Hypothesis
Klein, J. W., & Bastian, B. B. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683221100883 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Attitudes in an interpersonal context: Psychological safety as a route to attitude change
Itzchakov, G., & DeMarree, K. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.932413 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.001.0001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Intergroup conflict and barriers to common ground: A self‐affirmation perspective
Sherman, D. K., Brookfield, J., & Ortosky, L. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12364 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-construal drives preference for partner and servant brands
Hsieh, M.-H., Li, X., Jain, S. P., & Swaminathan, V. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.054 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Simon, S., & O’Brien, L. T. (2015) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0513-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Intergroup psychological interventions: The motivational challenge.
Landry, A., & Halperin, E. (2023) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001289 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hoorens, V., Dekkers, G. J. M., & Deschrijver, E. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01148-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kahn, K. B., Barreto, M., Kaiser, C. R., & Rego, M. S. (2015) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12117 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Preuß, S., & Steffens, M. C. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220910462 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ashburn‐Nardo, L., & Karim, M. F. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00002-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Campbell, M. R., & Bräuer, M. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619896622 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How lay theories (or mindsets) shape the confrontation of prejudice
Rattan, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00008-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flores, A. R., Haider‐Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P., & Taylor, J. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729322 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Passive Activist: Negative Consequences of Failing to Confront Antienvironmental Statements
Czopp, A. M. (2013) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2012.0066 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Microaggressions Self-Defense: A Role-Playing Workshop for Responding to Microaggressions
Byrd, C. M. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7060096 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The social psychological roots of violent intergroup conflict
Saguy, T., & Reifen‐Tagar, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00083-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schmader, T., Croft, A., Whitehead, J., & Stone, J. (2013) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.746615 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of Self-Affirmation Interventions in Educational Settings: A Meta-Analysis
Escobar-Soler, C., Berríos, R., Peñaloza-Díaz, G., Melis-Rivera, C., Caqueo-Urízar, A., Ponce-Correa, F., & Flores, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Using a social marketing approach to develop a pro-diversity intervention
Bräuer, M., Dumesnil, A., & Campbell, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-09-2020-0174 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gender differences in using humor to respond to sexist jokes
Woodzicka, J. A., Mallett, R. K., & Melchiori, K. J. (2020) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2019-0018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Social sanctions in response to injunctive norm violations
Douglas, B. D., Holley, K., Isenberg, N., Kennedy, K. R., & Bräuer, M. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101850 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
White’s Perceptions of Biracial Individuals’ Race Shift When Biracials Speak Out Against Bias
Wilton, L. S., Rattan, A., & Sanchez, D. T. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617731497 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schmidt‐Barad, T., & Uziel, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Confrontation and Beyond: Examining a Stigmatized Target's Use of a Prejudice Reduction Strategy
Focella, E. S., Bean, M. G., & Stone, J. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12153 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationConfronting Bias Through Teaching
Crittle, C. S., & Maddox, K. B. (2017) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628317692648 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Is Affirmation the Cure? Self-Affirmation and European-Americans’ Perception of Systemic Racism
Lesick, T. L., & Zell, E. (2020) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2020.1811092 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Itzchakov, G., Reis, H. T., & Morrison, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104554 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Countering Racism: Challenges and Progress in Anti-racism Efforts
Elias, A., Mansouri, F., & Paradies, Y. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2137-6_10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Monteith, M. J., Mallett, R. K., & Hildebrand, L. K. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.04.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Persson, S., & Hostler, T. (2021) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843211017472 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Dual Role of AI: A Capable Assistant in Collaboration and a Scapegoat in Competition
Li, Q. H., Wang, C., & Wang, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2462755 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The language of threat: Linguistic perceptions and intergroup relations
Medeiros, M., Fournier, P., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2016) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-016-0023-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bilali, R., & Godfrey, E. B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12772 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wolsiefer, K. J., & Stone, J. (2019) · Confronting Prejudice and Discrimination · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00013-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHow H ispanic patients address ambiguous versus unambiguous bias in the doctor's office
Bean, M. G., Covarrubias, R., & Stone, J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12260 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationPham, M. D., Chaney, K. E., & Garr‐Schultz, A. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251392766 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are perspective‐taking outcomes always positive? Challenges and mitigation strategies
Hoplock, L. B., & Lobchuk, M. (2019) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Can Psychological Interventions Improve Intergroup Attitudes Post Terror Attacks?
Assche, J. V., Noor, M., Dierckx, K., Saleem, M., Bouchat, P., Guissmé, L. D., Bostyn, D. H., Carew, M. T., Ernst‐Vintila, A., & Chao, M. M. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619896139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lee, C. S., & Sherman, D. K. (2023) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501231222554 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM: USING HUMOR TO ACKNOWLEDGE ONE'S STIGMATIZED IDENTITY AND REDUCE PREJUDICE
Focella, E. S. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe importance of language : the impact of linguistic vitality on intergroup tensions
Medeiros, M. (2014) · doi:10.71781/20004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wong, L. H. (2012) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yue, T., Hong, W. A. N. G., Fu, A., Hao, X. U., & Hong, W. A. N. G. (2024) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2024.01528 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Good, J. J., Woodzicka, J. A., & Bourne, K. A. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1873723 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Can Self-affirmation Encourage HIV-Prevention? Evidence from Female Sex Workers in Senegal
Haire, S., Lépine, A., Effron, D. A., & Treibich, C. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04039-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kinias, Z., & Fennessy, M.-C. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2815517 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Osborne, M. R., Anicich, E. M., & Dupree, C. H. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104865 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring how perceived true self-knowledge influences strereotype threat effects
Whitaker, T. A. (2015) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
The confronter’s quandary: Mapping out strategies for managers to address offensive remarks at work
Fa-Kaji, N. M., & Monin, B. (2022) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2022.100166
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0001
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.002.0006
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.002.0004
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.002.0007
Joking remarks and joking intentions
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0007
The popular wisdom about jokes
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0002
How do jokes communicate ideas?
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0005
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0004
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0013
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0010
Finding derogatory jokes amusing
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0009
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0012
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0006
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.002.0003
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.003.0008
Horisk, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197691496.002.0010
A Self-Affirmation Intervention for Responsible Parties in Restorative Justice
Gehman, R. M., & Pinel, E. C. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251343925
Cundiff, J. L., & Warner, L. R. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251349696 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Are you sitting comfortably? Discomfort as pedagogical strategy with perpetrators of domestic abuse
Eisenstadt, N., Morgan, K., Newman, C., Iwi, K., Päivinen, H., & Cramer, H. (2025) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/23986808y2025d000000084
Behind the Wall: An Integrative Review of Defensiveness at Work
Yip, J., & Walker, D. O. H. (2026) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2023.0213 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Le travail de sensibilisation : à quelles conditions et à quels coûts ? Analyse de cas de Mikanaes
Handfield, K., Cohen-Bucher, E., Larivière, W., & Lumsden, M. (2026) · Nouvelles pratiques sociales · doi:10.7202/1127971ar
Steentjes, K. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
- Authors
- Stone, J., Whitehead, J., Schmader, T., & Focella, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Stone, Jeff
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 589-598
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029386813
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-0548405)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- self-affirmation, backlash, confronting prejudice, Arab Americans, perspective taking, prejudice reduction, defensiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
