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Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective‐longitudinal community study
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Objective: To examine the temporal relationships of anxiety and depressive disorders, their risk factors and to explore why people with anxiety develop depression. Method: Data from an original 4–5‐year prospective‐longitudinal community study (N=3021) of adolescents and young adults with DSM‐IV anxiety and depressive disorders identified with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview are used to examine risk factors, as well as course and outcome. Results: (i) Anxiety disorders, except for panic disorder, are almost always primary conditions. (ii) Over the follow‐up period, rates of comorbid anxiety‐depression increased substantially and resulted in increased impairment and disabilities. (iii) Predictors for first onset of ‘pure’ depressive and ‘pure’ anxiety disorders revealed recognizable differences. (iv) Baseline clinical characteristics of anxiety disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk to develop major depression over the follow‐up period. Conclusion: Findings suggest that most anxiety disorders are primary disorders that substantially increase the risk for secondary depression.
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“GAD and other anxiety disorders are frequent antecedents of MDD and increase the risk of developing “secondary” major depressive episodes (119).”
From Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala (2011) · cites this paper as [119]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wittchen, H., Kessler, R. C., Pfister, H., Höfler, M., & Lieb, R.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- s406
- Pages
- 14-23
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2026839049
- Cited by
- 458
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 9.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, depression, comorbidities, comorbid depression and anxiety, risk factors, depression onset, course and outcome, adolescents and young adults, panic disorder, functional disability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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