The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999
Abstract
This article examines contrasting claims made by scholars of oil and politics that oil wealth either tends (1) to undermine regime durability or (2) to enhance it. Using cross‐sectional time‐series data from 107 developing states between 1960 and 1999, I test the effects of oil wealth on regime failure, political protests, and civil war. I find that oil wealth is robustly associated with increased regime durability, even when controlling for repression, and with lower likelihoods of civil war and antistate protest. I also find that neither the boom nor bust periods exerted any significant effect on regime durability in the states most dependent on exports, even while those states saw more protests during the bust. In short, oil wealth has generally increased the durability of regimes, and repression does not account for this effect. Future research focused on the origins of robust coalitions in oil‐rich states is most likely to provide fruitful explanations to this puzzle.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4135 · Cited by 7,983
The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order
(1997) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(97)80966-1 · Cited by 7,457
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Political Order in Changing Societies
Huntington, S. P. (1970) · Verfassung in Recht und Übersee · doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1970-2-257 · Cited by 6,333
Political Order in Changing Societies.
Zolberg, A. R., & Huntington, S. P. (1969) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2110237 · Cited by 5,753
Kuper, L., & Horowitz, D. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2069338 · Cited by 4,869
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset
GLEDITSCH, N. P., WALLENSTEEN, P., ERIKSSON, M., SOLLENBERG, M., & STRAND, H. (2002) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343302039005007 · Cited by 3,846 · cited 2×
“CIVILWAR is coded, following Gleditsch et al. (2002), from “0” to “3”: 0 indicates no armed domestic conflict, “1” indicates a conflict with at least 25 battle-related deaths per year and fewer than 1,000 during the course of the conflict; “2” an intermediate conflict with at least 25 battle-related deaths each year a…”
BackgroundRoss, M. L. (2001) · World Politics · doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0011 · Cited by 3,409
On economic causes of civil war
Collier, P. (1998) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/50.4.563 · Cited by 2,483
Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable
Beck, N., Katz, J. N., & Tucker, R. (1998) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2991857 · Cited by 2,471
Cited by
Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set
Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592714000851 · Cited by 1,537
What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?
Ross, M. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359 · Cited by 1,146
Do natural resources fuel authoritarianism? A reappraisal of the resource curse
HABER, S., & MENALDO, V. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055410000584 · Cited by 1,128
A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War
Ross, M. (2006) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.081304.161338 · Cited by 759
The Natural Resource Curse: A Survey
Frankel, J. (2010) · doi:10.3386/w15836 · Cited by 655
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, B.
- Venue
- American Journal of Political Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-03-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 232-246
- ISSN
- 0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5907
- OpenAlex
- W2083780500
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 40
- FWCI
- 22.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00067.x
- The paper
- Smith, B. (2004). Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999. American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00067.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.