The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sustaining Community‐Based Programs for Families: Conceptualization and Measurement*
Abstract
A conceptual model for evaluating community‐based program sustainability is presented, along with a 53‐item Program Sustainability Index (PSI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) and principal axis factor analysis indicate strong support for each of the seven elements of the PSI. When considered as an overall model, six of the seven framework elements were retained. Internal consistency for each subscale was acceptable, and acceptable performance validity was demonstrated when the subscales were contrasted with middle‐range program results. These findings are discussed with regard to next steps in the conceptualization and measurement of program sustainability, as well as implications for planning and implementing community‐based programs for families.
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In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, a comprehensive overview of the CbP sustainability factors does not exist [23,28,29].”
From Community-Based Healthcare Programs Sustainability Impact on the Sustainability of Host Organizations: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Many approaches highlighted the importance of the ability of an initiative to garner and maintain resources [15, 27, 36–41] through stable sources [19, 36, 39, 42–45].”
From Navigating the sustainability landscape: a systematic review of sustainability approaches in healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“In terms of measuring multilevel factors related to the sustainability of community-based health interventions, Mancini & Marek (80) introduced the Program Sustainability Index; although this framework is promising, more work is needed in establishing its validity.”
From The Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Practices in Public Health and Health Care (2018) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“It comprises 5 subscales that demonstrate good psychometric properties with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from. 76–.88.”
From The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study (2016) · cites this paper as Mancini & Marek, 2004
In the citing paper
“In regard to validity, the PSI is associated with ongoing planning process, confidence in project long-term survival, and meeting the needs of clients (Mancini & Marek, 2004).”
From The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study (2016) · cites this paper as Mancini & Marek, 2004
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Stolldorf, D. P. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Care Quality · doi:10.1097/ncq.0000000000000204 · Cited by 12
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Raffel, K. K., Lee, M. Y., Dougherty, C. V., & Greene, G. J. (2013) · Administration in Social Work · doi:10.1080/03643107.2013.828003 · Cited by 10
“From this perspective, it is more important to sustain benefits to clients than to sustain program elements per se (Mancini & Marek, 2004).”
BackgroundPredictor Factors of Telecentres Outcome from the Users Perspectives in Rural Communities
Badsar (2011) · American Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajassp.2011.617.627 · Cited by 10
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“The capacity of the programme to respond to the needs of the participants is recognized as an important consideration within the literature on programme sustainability (Mancini and Marek, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSustainment Rates and Factors for Multidimensional Family Therapy in Europe and North America
Dakof, G. A., Ricardo, M. M., Rowe, C. L., Henderson, C. E., Rigter, H., & Liddle, H. A. (2022) · Global Implementation Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/s43477-022-00043-6 · Cited by 10
“This phase includes specialized training, often made possible by start-up funds from government or charitable organizations (Mancini & Marek, 2004; Moore et al., 2017; Saldana et al., 2015; Shelton et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDecosimo, K. P., Drake, C., Coffman, C. J., Sperber, N. R., Tucker, M., Hughes, J. M., Zullig, L. L., Chadduck, T., Christensen, L., Kaufman, B. G., et al. (2023) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-023-00475-7 · Cited by 10
“The 6-and 12-month survey measures include program sustainability [34], organizational resilience [31], and experience with implementation strategies.”
BackgroundEvaluating the sustainability of health programmes: A literature review
Ishola, F., & Čekan, J. (2019) · African Evaluation Journal · doi:10.4102/aej.v7i1.369 · Cited by 12
“For many years, the question of what happens to health intervention beneficiaries when donor funding for implementation expires and ways to measure this has persisted (Bossert 1990; Cekan 2016; Mancini & Marek 2004; Proctor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundKuntiyawichai, K., & Aksorn, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30159 · Cited by 8
“Mancini and Marek [36] developed a Program Sustainability Index (PSI) based on a homogeneous group (242 respondents) for evaluating the sustainability of community-based programs.”
BackgroundTomioka, M., & Braun, K. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00140 · Cited by 8
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Ongsakul, V., & Sen, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Business & Retail Management Research · doi:10.24052/jbrmr/v12is04/art-10 · Cited by 8
Ceptureanu, S. I., & Ceptureanu, E. G. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16204035 · Cited by 7
“Unfortunately, a comprehensive overview of the CbP sustainability factors does not exist [23,28,29].”
BackgroundChicoine, G., & Straus, S. E. (2025) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000496 · Cited by 7
“8,56,96 These include the Program Sustainability Index, 97 NHS Sustainability Index, 72 Clinical Sustain-ability Assessment Tool (CSAT), 79 and Sustained Implementation Support Scale.”
Fortune-Britt, A. G., Nieuwsma, J. A., Gierisch, J. M., Datta, S., Stolldorf, D. P., Cantrell, W. C., Ethridge, A. K., Angel, C. T., Millspaugh, D., Bauch, S. L., et al. (2015) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00336 · Cited by 7
Sustentabilidade de intervenções em promoção da saúde: uma sistematização do conhecimento produzido
Oliveira, S. R. D. A., Potvin, L., & Medina, M. G. (2015) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-110420161070357 · Cited by 9
The Evolution of the Performance Model from Black Box to the Logic Model Through Systems Thinking
Williams, D. W. (2014) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2014.944989 · Cited by 7
“…Harrison, Gerber, Aultman, & Scarlett, 1996; Leroy et al., 2005; Ludwig, Kling, & Mullainathan, 2011; Mancini, Huebner, McCollum, & Marek, 2005; Mancini & Marek, 2004; Murphy, 2011; Newcomer & Allen, 2010; Pestronk & Franks, 2003; Phillips, Bonney, & Shirk, 2012; Safrit, 2011; Satterfield et…”
Modèles socio-écologiques : renforcement de la recherche interventionnelle dans le contrôle du tabac
Kothari, A. R., Edwards, N. C., Yanicki, S., Hansen-Ketchum, P. A., & Kennedy, M. A. (2008) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/016952ar · Cited by 7
Lennox, L., French, C. E., & Reed, J. E. (2020) · Organizational behaviour in health care · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26684-4_12 · Cited by 6
Towards a framework for sustaining Green IT initiatives: an empirical investigation
Nanath, K., & Pillai, R. R. (2021) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-021-00332-w · Cited by 6
“It is evident that the elements and processes that foster continuity of environmental initiatives are not sufficiently understood and addressed [47].”
BackgroundWebster, C., Silova, I., Moyer, A. L., & McAllister, S. (2010) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-010-9152-8 · Cited by 6
“Taylor 2003), as ‘‘strong and effective collaborators’’ (Mancini and Marek 2004), as a ‘‘shared responsibility’’ (Hargreaves and Fink 2004) or by ‘‘capacity building through networks’’ (Fullan 2004).”
BackgroundYouth and telecentres in community building in rural Peninsular Malaysia.
Samah, B. A., Badsar, M., Hassan, M. A., Osman, N., & Shaffril, H. A. M. (2013) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 6
Using the RE-AIM framework to assess national teledermatology expansion
Lamkin, R. P., Peracca, S. B., Jackson, G. L., Hines, A. C., Gifford, A. L., Lachica, O., Li, D., Morris, I. J., Paiva, M. L., Weinstock, M. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2023.1217829 · Cited by 5
Åhlfeldt, E., Isaksson, D., & Winblad, U. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/1458305 · Cited by 20
“Sustainability determinants were derived from the literature review and informed by the Program Sustainability Index [47] and the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool [48].”
MethodWebb, S., Drake, C., Coffman, C. J., Sullivan, C., Sperber, N. R., Tucker, M., Zullig, L. L., Hughes, J. M., Kaufman, B. G., Pura, J. A., et al. (2023) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-023-00502-7 · Cited by 6
Kartal, D., Jaeger, T., Lamblin, M., Richards, H., Witt, K., Occhipinti, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Chatterton, M. L., Chanen, A. M., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11795-2 · Cited by 5
“Program sustainability will be assessed using the 29-item Program Sustainability Index (PSI) [51].”
Payne, P. B., & McDonald, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Extension · doi:10.34068/joe.53.03.05 · Cited by 5
Impact of Individual Characteristics and Telecenter Success in Malaysia
Bashir, M. S., Samah, B. A., Emby, Z., & Shaffril, H. A. M. (2011) · Cited by 5
Aksorn, P., Tuntiratananon, V., & Phansri, B. (2024) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-04157-1 · Cited by 4
Shoesmith, A., Nathan, N., Lum, M., Yoong, S., Nolan, E., Wolfenden, L., Shelton, R. C., Cooper, B. R., Lane, C., Grady, A., et al. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01372-w · Cited by 4
“This was informed by other response scales of similar measures [47, 48] and recommendations of content experts in psychometric scale development.”
MethodHulugalla, N., Seki, M., Yamada, K., & Kakinaka, M. (2024) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2024.2382254 · Cited by 4
“…members, fostering collaboration and strong relationships within the community, as well as driving positive change towards programme goals and promoting accountability (Argaw, Fanthahun, and Berhane 2007; Ceptureanu et al. 2018; Jemutai 2020; Mancini and Marek 2004; Schmidt and Pohler 2018).”
Implementation determinants of safer smoking supplies in U.S. syringe services programs
Eger, W. H., Gómez, A. P., Kielhold, K., Bartholomew, T. S., & Bazzi, A. R. (2025) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-025-00714-z · Cited by 4
“Based on the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool [27] and the Program Sustainability Index [28], included survey respondents’ perceptions (on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree) of whether (1) their organization distributes enough safer smoking supplies to…”
Tuntiratananon, V., Chaisaard, N., & Aksorn, P. (2025) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-025-06809-w · Cited by 3
“…; Kamara, 2008 ; Toor & Ogunlana, 2008; Wen, 2005 ), and social aspects (Kuntiyawichai & Aksorn, 2024; Maddaloni & Sabini, 2022 ; Ouyang et al., 2022 ; Baba et al., 2021 ; Sun et al., 2020 ; Xue et al., 2018 ; Banihashemi et al., 2017; Jha & Iyer, 2006 ; Chan et al., 2004 ; Mancini & Marek, 2004).”
이현주, CHUNGSOONDOOL, & 김고은 (2013) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw..60.201306.143 · Cited by 3
Stolldorf, D. P., Schnipper, J. L., Mixon, A. S., Dietrich, M. S., & Kripalani, S. B. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030834 · Cited by 3
Improving the Sustainability of Public Health Interventions: The INNOVATE Model
Haregu, T., Kwaśnicka, D., Shrestha, A., Lynch, C., Absetz, P., Miranda, J. J., Thankappan, K. R., & Oldenburg, B. F. (2025) · Global Implementation Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/s43477-025-00149-7 · Cited by 5
“…et al., 2021 ), Stages of implementation completion (Chamberlain et al., 2011; Doyle et al., 2013 ), Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT) (Bacon et al., 2022 ), Program Sustainability Index (Mancini & Marek, 2004 ), and the Sustainment Measurement System Scale (Palinkas et al., 2020 ).”
Promoting Sympathy, Empathic Self‐Efficacy, and Prosocial Behaviours Among Primary School Children
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A Qualitative Rubric for Evaluating Program Sustainability
Hock, A., Foxe, J., & Litzler, E. (2025) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-025-09847-4 · Cited by 2
Odoom, D., Annor-Frempong, F., Akaba, S., & Mensah, A. O. (2023) · Ghana Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.4314/gjds.v20i1.10 · Cited by 2
“The results are similar to earlier studies (Doyle et al., 2013; Mancini & Marek, 2004; Stetler et al., 2007) which found that deriving unending benefits from a project shows how sustainable the project is sustainable.”
ResultDoes the Sustainability of Comprehensive Intervention Programs Depend on Parent Involvement?
Gardner, D. S., & Marszalek, J. M. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014545473 · Cited by 2
“…a concern, such as in education, and are well developed through empirical and theoretical research (Goodman & Steckler, 1987; Johnson et al., 2004; Mancini & Marek, 2004; Pluye, Potvin, & Denis, 2004; Pluye, Potvin, Denis, & Pelletier, 2004; Pluye, Potvin, Denis, Pelletier, & Mannoni, 2005;…”
BackgroundInfluentialKimani, L., & Namusonge, P. G. S. (2016) · Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management · doi:10.61426/sjbcm.v3i4.326 · Cited by 2
Phimphasone‐Brady, P., VELA, A. M., Palmer, B. E., & Cachelin, F. M. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08878-6 · Cited by 1
“…control strategies of foods that are include the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (Luke et al., 2014) or the Program Sustainability Index (Mancini & Marek, 2004) as well as determine the core functions of the culturally adapted EBIs, as settings and institutions are more likely to…”
Sustaining organisational change: Teacher education in the Solomon Islands
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Education and Support Outcome Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework
McGrew, K. B. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8031-1_8 · Cited by 1
González, P., Yu, J. W., Wagner, M. M., & Shaver, D. M. (2012) · Cited by 1
Jeong, C. M. (2015) · Health and Social Welfare Review · doi:10.15709/hswr.2015.35.2.124 · Cited by 1
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Koutrou, N., Bistaraki, A., & Ikramullah, A. (2024) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2024.2346145 · Cited by 2
“Programme responsivity is another identified element towards sustainable community interventions (Mancini and Marek 2004).”
InfluentialAddressing Sustainability Planning in Higher Education Research
Nudzor, H. P. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93589 · Cited by 1
January, P. C. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1
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Zemke, K. K. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
A Practitioners’ Guide to Evaluating Domestic Violence Prevention and Treatment Programs
Crusto, C. A., Ross, E., & Kaufman, J. S. (2006) · Issues in children's and families' lives · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29598-5_8
“The ability to presentevaluationfindingsandpositiveaspectsofprogramsto stakeholders canhelptosecuresupportforinstitutionalizingprograms(Jacobs,2003; Mancini & Marek, 2004; Vihn-Thomas et al., 2003)and foster community developmentaround a particular issue (Burt et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSustainability of Community Leadership Development Programs in GeorgiaPreprint
Edwards, V. L. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1215603
“In their model of program sustainability, Mancini and Marek (2004) propose seven elements as affecting program outcomes: leadership competence, effective collaboration, understanding the community, demonstrating program results, strategic funding, staff involvement and integration, and program…”
BackgroundMayer, A. B. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Implementing an Integrated Care Pathway For General Foot Screening
Bhaskaran, V. (2014) · Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) · doi:10.25419/rcsi.10812389
Crime Risk Evaluation in Individual's Local Community
Liu, Y., Marthur, A., & Magno, C. N. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2757384.2757387
Hayes, N., Ilan, J., & Kelly, S. (2008) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin)
Community-Based Research in LaGrange, KY
Crimm, K. (2011) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
A case study to apply mobile technology into individual's local community
Liu, Y., & Magno, C. N. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2015.7364119
The Legacy of Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions: What Gets Sustained and How
Beehler, S. (2011) · Figshare
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Shah, M. D., Ward, J., & Giardino, A. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53790-0_7
Gomez, S. L. (2009) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Generating relevant evaluations for sustainability
Barnard, C. (2022) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20439286
Gerona, N. M. (2022) · doi:10.46569/20.500.12680/r494vs08s
“This includes making sure the activities are well integrated into the program structure with administrative and leadership support (Jarrott & Bruno, 2007; Mancini & Marek, 2004).”
BackgroundShoesmith, A., Nathan, N., Lum, M., Yoong, S. L., Nolan, E., Wolfenden, L., Shelton, R. C., Cooper, B. R., Lane, C., Grady, A., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3229714/v1
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Nota, G. P. T., Hoque, M. E., & Ehsanul, M. (2023) · Business & IT · doi:10.14311/bit.2023.02.03
“Furthermore, active participation fosters a sense of ownership among individuals, leading to enhanced dedication and accountability, ultimately contributing to the elevation of team morale [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialKartal, D., Jaeger, T., Lamblin, M., Richards, H., Witt, K., Occhipinti, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Chatterton, M. L., Chanen, A. M., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4285258/v1
Ikramullah, A., & Koutrou, N. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.9315
“Echoing previous studies (Edwards & Rowe, 2019; Koutrou et al., 2024; Mancini & Marek, 2004; Schulenkorf, 2017; Wiltsey Stirman et al., 2012), this research contributes to our understanding of the determinants of sport/PA programme sustainability and identifies similar elements that underpin it.”
InfluentialGilson, A. M., Moore, K. G., Resendiz, S. M., Hoffins, E. L., Mai, S., Stone, J. A., & Chui, M. A. (2025) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy13060174
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Hall, A., Shoesmith, A., Doherty, E. L., McEvoy, B., Mettert, K. D., Lewis, C. C., Wolfenden, L., Yoong, S., Kingsland, M., Shelton, R. C., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608667
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Halk Sağlığı Usul ve Üslubu Beşinci Kitap - Tanzim
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Rhee, K. E., Hiller-Venegas, S., Viglione, C., Polich, M., Huang, J. S., Kim, J. J., Bajwa, M. S., Zive, M., Eichen, D. M., Strong, D. R., et al. (2026) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-026-01025-7
“…that received follow-up phone calls, % of families that needed additional resources/referrals • Maintenance: • Program Sustainability Index [63] • Perceived support of innovation in organizations [64] • Partnership synergy tool [ , what adaptations to the workflow need to be made, how…”
Promoting Provider Understanding of Rural Health and Farming
Smith, M. L. (2026) · Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association · doi:10.67225/001c.156504
Niranjala, H., Seki, M., Yamada, K., & Kakinaka, M. (2026) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2026.2752096
Metadata
- Authors
- Mancini, J. A., & Marek, L. I.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mancini, Jay A.
- Venue
- Family Relations
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06-14
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 339-347
- ISSN
- 0197-6664 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3729
- OpenAlex
- W2153878215
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Family Relations (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Social Sciences › Development › Community and Sustainable Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- program sustainability, community-based programs, family programs, conceptual model, program evaluation, scale development, performance validity, program planning
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