Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 675

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Convergent and divergent character displacement

GRANT, P. R.·1972·Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
DOI 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00690.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Consideration of the possibilities and difficulties of detecting character displacement leads to a re-definition of the phenomenon; character displacement is the process by which a morphological character state of a species changes under Natural Selection arising from the presence, in the same environment, of one or more species similar to it ecologically and/or reproductively. This incorporates the principal ideas in the original definition given by Brown & Wilson (1956), but eliminates the restriction of making comparisons of the character states of a species in sympatry and allopatry. The evidence for the ecological (competitive) aspect of character displacement is assessed by analyzing in detail the best documented and well publicized examples in the literature. Some of the examples either do not exhibit displaced characters or, if they do, the “displacement” can be interpreted in other and perhaps simpler ways; this applies to the so-called classical case of character displacement, Sitta tephronota and S. neumayer in Iran. Other examples, involving lizards and birds, constitute better evidence for character displacement, but in no single study is it entirely satisfactory. It is concluded that the evidence for the ecological aspect of character displacement is weak.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00690.x

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 104

  1. AMADON, 1947, Ecology and the evolution of some Hawaiian birds., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 1, 63, 10.2307/2405404 · DOI
  2. AMADON, 1950, The Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Aves, Drepaniidae)., Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 95, 155
  3. AMADON , D. 1966 Insular adaptive radiation among birds. In Bowman, The Galapagos. Proc. symp. Galápagos Internat. Sci. Project. University of California Press · DOI
  4. ASHMOLE, 1968, Body size, prey size, and ecological segregation in five sympatric tropical terns (Aves: Laridae)., Syst. Zool., 17, 292, 10.2307/2412008 · DOI
  5. BALDWIN, 1953, Annual cycle, environment and evolution in the Hawaiian honeycreepers., Univ. Calif. Pubis Zool, 52, 285
  6. BETTS, 1955, The food of titmice in oak woodlands., J. Anim. Ecol., 24, 283, 10.2307/1715 · DOI
  7. BIRCH, 1960, The genetic factor in population ecology., Am. Nat., 94, 5, 10.1086/282105 · DOI
  8. BOCK, 1970, Microevolutionary sequences as a fundamental concept in macro-evolutionary models., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 24, 704, 10.2307/2406551 · DOI
  9. BOSSERT , W. H. 1963 Simulation of character displacement in animals. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
  10. BOURNE, 1955, a. The Birds of the Cape Verde Islands., Ibis, 97, 508, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1955.tb04981.x · DOI
  11. BOURNE, 1955, b. On the status and appearance of the races of Cory's Shearwater, Procellaria diomedea. Ibis., 97, 145
  12. BOURNE, 1957, Additional notes on the birds of the Cape Verde Islands, with particular reference to Bulweria mollis and, Fregata magnificens. Ibis., 99, 182, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1957.tb01945.x · DOI
  13. BOURNE , W. R. P. 1963 A review of oceanic studies of the biology of seabirds. Proc. 13th. Int. om. Congr.: 831-834
  14. BOWMAN, 1961, Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galapagos Finches., Univ. Calif. Pubis Zool., 58, 1
  15. BRIAN, 1956, Segregation of species of the ant genus, Myrmica. J. Anim. Ecol., 25, 319, 10.2307/1929 · DOI
  16. BROWN, 1958, General adaptation and evolution., Syst. Zool., 7, 157, 10.2307/2411715 · DOI
  17. BROWN, 1964, Two evolutionary terms., Syst. Zool., 13, 50, 10.2307/2411439 · DOI
  18. BROWN, 1956, Character displacement., Syst. Zool., 5, 49, 10.2307/2411924 · DOI · Paper page
  19. CAMERON, 1964, Competitive exclusion between the rodent genera Microtus and, Clethrionomys. Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 18, 630, 10.2307/2406215 · DOI
  20. CHEKE, 1971, Feeding ecology and significance of interspecific territoriality of African montane sunbirds (Nectariniidae)., Revue Zool. Bot. afr., 84, 50
  21. CODY, 1969, Convergent characteristics in sympatric populations: a possible relation to interspecifc territoriality., Condor, 71, 222, 10.2307/1366300 · DOI
  22. CODY, 1970, Chilean bird distribution., Ecology, 51, 455, 10.2307/1935380 · DOI
  23. CODY, 1970, Character convergence in Mexican finches., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 24, 304, 10.2307/2406806 · DOI
  24. CORBET, 1964, Regional variation in the bank-vole Clethrionomys glareolus in the British Isles., Proc. zool. Soc. Lon., 143, 191, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb03858.x · DOI
  25. CROWELL, 1962, Reduced interspecific competition among the birds of Bermuda., Ecology, 43, 75, 10.2307/1932042 · DOI
  26. CROWELL, 1968, Competition between two West Indian flycatchers,, Elaenia. Auk., 85, 265, 10.2307/4083586 · DOI
  27. CULLEN, 1952, Birds on Palma and Gomera (Canary Islands)., Ibis, 94, 68, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01789.x · DOI
  28. DE BACH, 1966, The competitive displacement and coexistence principles., A. Rev. Ent., 11, 183, 10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001151 · DOI
  29. DEEVEY, 1971, The American species of Eubosmina Seligo (Crustacea, Cladocera)., Limnol. Oceanogr., 16, 201, 10.4319/lo.1971.16.2.0201 · DOI
  30. DIAMOND, 1970, a. Ecological consequences of island colonization by Southwest Pacific birds, I. Types of niche shifts., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 67, 529, 10.1073/pnas.67.2.529 · DOI
  31. DIAMOND, 1970b, Ecological consequences of island colonization by Southwest Pacific birds, II. The effect of species diversity on total population density, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 67, 1715, 10.1073/pnas.67.4.1715 · DOI
  32. FICKEN, 1968, Competition and character displacement in two sympatric pine-dwelling warblers (Dendroica, Parulidae)., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 22, 307, 10.2307/2406530 · DOI
  33. FOSTER, 1964, Evolution of mammals on islands., Nature, Land., 202, 234, 10.1038/202234a0 · DOI · Paper page
  34. GILL, 1971, Ecology and evolution of the sympatric Mascarene White-eyes, Zosterops borbonica and, Zosterops olivacea. Auk., 88, 35, 10.2307/4083960 · DOI
  35. GRANT, 1965, The adaptive significance of some size trends in island birds., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 19, 355, 10.2307/2406446 · DOI
  36. GRANT, 1966a, Ecological incompatibility of bird species on islands, Am. Nat., 100, 451, 10.1086/282438 · DOI
  37. GRANT, 1966, b. The coexistence of two wren species of the genus, Thryothorus. Wilson Bull., 78, 266
  38. GRANT, 1966, c. The density of land birds on the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, I. Numbers and biomass., Can. J. Zool., 45, 391, 10.1139/z66-042 · DOI
  39. GRANT, 1966, d. The density of land birds on the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, II. The distribution of species abundances., Can. J. Zool., 45, 1023, 10.1139/z66-108 · DOI
  40. GRANT, 1968, Bill size, body size and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands., Syst. Zool., 17, 319, 10.2307/2412010 · DOI
  41. GRANT, 1969, a. Colonisation of islands by ecologically dissimilar species of birds., Can. J. Zool., 47, 41, 10.1139/z69-009 · DOI
  42. GRANT, 1969, b. Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system, I. Microtus and Clethrionomys species in enclosures., Can. J. Zool., 47, 1059, 10.1139/z69-168 · DOI
  43. GRANT, 1970, Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system, II. The behaviour of Microtus, Peromyscus and Clethrionomys species., Anim. Behav., 18, 411, 10.1016/0003-3472(70)90035-7 · DOI
  44. GRANT, 1971, a. Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system, III. Microtus and Peromyscus species in enclosures., J. Anim. Ecol., 40, 323, 10.2307/3249 · DOI
  45. GRANT, 1972, a. Bill dimensions of Zosterops species on Norfolk Island., Syst. Zool., 21, 10.2307/2412167 · DOI
  46. GRANT, 1972, b. Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system, V. Summary of the evidence for rodent species, and some theoretical considerations., Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 3
  47. HALL, 1966, Polymorphism and parallelism in the African bush-shrikes of the genus Malaconotus (including, Chlorophoneus). Ibis., 108, 161, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1966.tb07266.x · DOI
  48. HARDIN, 1960, The competitive exclusion principle., Science, N. Y., 131, 1292, 10.1126/science.131.3409.1292 · DOI · Paper page
  49. HESPENHEIDE, 1966, The selection of seed size by finches., Wilson Bull, 78, 191
  50. HESPENHEIDE, 1971, Food preference and the extent of overlap in some insectivorous birds, with special reference to the Tyrannidae., Ibis, 113, 59, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1971.tb05123.x · DOI
  51. JAMES, 1970, Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate., Ecology, 51, 365, 10.2307/1935374 · DOI · Paper page
  52. KEAR, 1962, Food selection in finches, with special reference to interspecific differences., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 138, 163, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb05694.x · DOI
  53. KEAST, 1961, Bird speciation on the Australian continent., Bull. Mus. comp. Zool., Harv., 123, 307
  54. KEAST, 1968, Competitive interactions and the evolution of ecological niches as illustrated by the Australian Honeyeater genus Melithreptus (Meliphagidae)., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 22, 762, 10.2307/2406902 · DOI
  55. LACK , D. 1942 Ecological features of the bird faunas of British small islands. J. Anim. Ecol., II: 9-36 · DOI
  56. LACK, 1944, Ecological aspects of species-formation in passerine birds., Ibis, 86, 260, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1944.tb04092.x · DOI
  57. LACK, 1945, The Galapagos Finches (Geospizinae)., Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Set., 21, 1
  58. LACK , D. 1947 Darwin's Finches. Cambridge University Press
  59. LACK , D. 1971 Ecological isolation in birds. Oxford: Blackwell
  60. LACK, 1949, Birds on Tenerife., Ibis, 91, 609, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1949.tb02313.x · DOI
  61. LEVIN, 1970, Reinforcement of reproductive isolation: plants versus animals., Am. Nat., 104, 571, 10.1086/282691 · DOI
  62. MacARTHUR, 1958, Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests., Ecology, 39, 599, 10.2307/1931600 · DOI · Paper page
  63. MacARTHUR, 1964, Competition, habitat selection and character displacement in a patchy environment., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 51, 1207, 10.1073/pnas.51.6.1207 · DOI
  64. MacARTHUR , R. H. WILSON , E. O. 1967 The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press
  65. MARLER, 1951, Observations on the birds of Pico, Azores., Ibis, 93, 90, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1951.tb05400.x · DOI
  66. McNAB, 1971, On the ecological significance of Bergmann's rule., Ecology, 52, 845, 10.2307/1936032 · DOI
  67. MILLER, 1951, A comparison of the avifaunas of Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, California., Condor, 53, 117, 10.2307/1364626 · DOI
  68. MILLER, 1968, Conditions of competition between Redwings and Yellow-headed Blackbirds., J. Anim. Ecol., 3, 7, 43, 10.2307/2710 · DOI
  69. MOORE, 1964, Intra- and inter-specific competition among dragonflies., J. Anim. Ecol., 22, 253
  70. MOREAU, 1966, The birds of Tasmania; ecology and evolution., Ibis, 108, 348, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1966.tb07349.x · DOI
  71. MORRIS, 1955, The seed preferences of certain finches under controlled conditions., Avicult. Mag., 61, 271
  72. MORRIS, 1972, Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system, IV. Microtus and Clethrionomys species in a single enclosure., J. Anim. Ecol., 41, 10.2307/3469 · DOI
  73. MORSE, 1967, Foraging relationships of Brown-headed Nuthatches and Pine Warblers., Ecology, 48, 94, 10.2307/1933421 · DOI
  74. MURPHY, 1938, The need of insular exploration as illustrated by birds., Science, N.Y., 88, 533, 10.1126/science.88.2293.533 · DOI
  75. NØRREVANG, 1959, Double invasions and character displacement., Vidensk. Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren., 121, 171
  76. NORTH, 1904, Ornithological notes., Rec. Aust. Mus., 5, 337, 10.3853/j.0067-1975.5.1904.1073 · DOI
  77. ORIANS, 1963, Competition and blackbird social systems., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 1, 7, 449, 10.2307/2407095 · DOI
  78. ORIANS, 1964, Interspecific territories of birds., Ecology, 45, 736, 10.2307/1934921 · DOI · Paper page
  79. PALMER , R. S. 1962 Handbook of North American birds, I. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press
  80. RIPLEY, 1959, Character displacement in Indian nuthatches, (Sitta). Postilla, No., 42, 1
  81. ROSENZWEIG , M. L. 1968 The strategy of body size in mammalian carnivores. Am. Midi. Nat., 80:299-315 · DOI · Paper page
  82. SCHAFFER, 1968, Character displacement and the evolution of the Hominidae., Am. Nat., 102, 559, 10.1086/282568 · DOI
  83. SCHOENER, 1965, The evolution of bill size differences among sympatric congeneric species of birds., Evolution, Lancaster, Pa., 19, 189, 10.2307/2406374 · DOI
  84. SCHOENER, 1967, The ecological significance of sexual dimorphism in size in the lizard, Anolis conspersus. Science, N. Y., 155, 474, 10.1126/science.155.3761.474 · DOI · Paper page
  85. SCHOENER, 1968, The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna., Ecology, 49, 704, 10.2307/1935534 · DOI · Paper page
  86. SCHOENER, 1969, a. Models of optimal size for solitary predators., Am. Nat., 103, 277, 10.1086/282602 · DOI · Paper page
  87. SCHOENER, 1969, b. Size patterns in West Indian Anolis lizards: I. Size and species diversity., Syst. Zool., 18, 386, 10.2307/2412183 · DOI
  88. SCHOENER, 1970, Size patterns in West Indian Anolis lizards: II. Correlations with the sizes of particular sympatric species-displacement and convergence., Am. Nat., 104, 155, 10.1086/282647 · DOI
  89. SCHOENER, 1968, Some niche differences among three species of lesser Antillean anoles., Ecology, 49, 819, 10.2307/1936533 · DOI
  90. SELANDER, 1966, Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilisation in birds., Condor, 68, 113, 10.2307/1365712 · DOI · Paper page
  91. SELANDER, 1963, Species limits in the woodpecker genus Centurus (Aves)., Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 124, 217
  92. SMITH , N. G. 1966 Evolution of some Arctic gulls (Larus); an experimental study of isolating mechanisms. Ornithological Monogr. No. 4, American Ornithologist's Union. · DOI
  93. SOULÉ, 1966, Trends in the insular radiation of a lizard., Am. Nat., 100, 47, 10.1086/282399 · DOI
  94. SVÄRDSON, 1949, Competition and habitat selection in birds., Oikos, 1, 156, 10.2307/3564710 · DOI
  95. VAURIE , C. 1951 Adaptive differences between two sympatric species of Nuthatches (Sitta). Proc. Tenth Int. om. Congr.: 163-166
  96. VOLSØE, 1951, The breeding birds of the Canary Islands, I. Introduction and synopsis of the species., Vidensk Meddrdansk naturh. Foren., 113, 1
  97. VOLSØE, 1955, The breeding birds of the Canary Islands, II. Origin and history of the Canarian avifauna., Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 117, 117
  98. WARNER, 1968, The role of introduced diseases in the extinction of the endemic Hawaiian avifauna., Condor, 70, 101, 10.2307/1365954 · DOI · Paper page
  99. WILLIS , E. O. 1966 Interspecific competition and the foraging behaviour of Plain-brown Woodcreepers. Ecology, 47:667-672 · DOI
  100. WILLIS, 1968, Taxonomy and behaviour of Pale-faced Antbirds., Auk, 85, 253, 10.2307/4083585 · DOI
  101. WILSON, 1956, Character displacement and species criteria., Proc. Tenth Int. Congr. Entomol., 1, 125
  102. WILSON, 1961, The nature of the taxon cycle in the Melanesian ant fauna., Am. Nat., 95, 169, 10.1086/282174 · DOI
  103. WILSON , E. O. 1965 The challenge from related species. In Baker & Stebbins, The genetics of colonizing species. New York: Academic Press
  104. WILSON, 1955, Revisionary notes on the sanguinea and neogagates groups of the ant genus, Formica. Psyche., 62, 108, 10.1155/1955/31694 · DOI

Cited by

See all 675

Metadata

Authors
GRANT, P. R.
Venue
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1972-03
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
39-68
ISSN
0024-4066 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00690.x
OpenAlex
W2119526299
Cited by
675
References
3
FWCI
19.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Convergent and divergent character displacement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00690.x
The paper
GRANT, P. R. (1972). Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00690.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.