Cited by 439Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorMemory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 269 of the 269 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems

WHITE, NORMAN M.·1996·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03586.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This review applies some new experimental findings and theoretical ideas about how reinforcers act on the neural mechanisms of learning and memory to the problem of how addictive drugs affect behaviour. A basic assumption of this analysis is that all changes in behaviour, including those involved in drug addiction and the initiation of drug self-administration, require the storage of new information in the nervous system. Animal studies suggest that such information is processed in several (this review deals with three) more or less independent learning and memory systems in the mammalian brain. Reinforcers can interact with these systems in three ways: they activate neural substrates of observable approach or escape responses, they produce unobservable internal states that can be perceived as rewarding or aversive, and they modulate or enhance the information stored in each of the memory systems. It is suggested that each addictive drug maintains its own self-administration by mimicking some subset of these actions. Evidence supporting the notion of multiple memory systems and data on the actions of several drugs (amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and morphine) on these systems are briefly reviewed. The utility of the concept of "reward" for understanding the effects of drugs on behaviour is discussed. Evidence demonstrating actions of drugs on multiple neural substrates of reinforcement suggests that no single factor is likely to explain either addictive behaviour in general or self-administration in particular. Some of the findings on the development and maintenance of self-administration by animals of the five exemplar drugs are discussed in the context of these ideas.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03586.x

Cites

269 of 269 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Items 201–269 of 269

Facilitation of learning by reward of post-trial memory processes
Huston, J. P., Mondadori, C., & Waser, P. G. (1974) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01938996 · Cited by 51
Intraventricular self-administration of morphine in naive laboratory rats
Amit, Z., Brown, Z. W., & Sklar, L. S. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00496864 · Cited by 51
Conditioned place aversion mediated by self-administered ethanol in the rat: A consideration of blood ethanol levels
Stewart, R. B., & Grupp, L. A. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90175-5 · Cited by 50
Facilitation of memory by peripheral administration of substance P and naloxone using avoidance and habituation learning tasks
Tomaz, C. A. B., Aguiar, M. S., & Nogueira, P. J. C. (1990) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80067-3 · Cited by 49
Rats learning to work for alcohol
Sinclair, J. D. (1974) · Nature · doi:10.1038/249590a0 · Cited by 49
Antagonism of ethanol-reinforced behavior by the benzodiazepine inverse agonists Ro15-4513 and FG 7142: Relation to sucrose reinforcement
Samson, H. H., Haraguchi, M., Tolliver, G. A., & Sadeghi, K. G. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90395-x · Cited by 48
Fornix fibers and motivational states as controllers of behavior: A study stimulated by the contextual retrieval theory
Hirsh, R., Leber, B. F., & Gillman, K. (1978) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(78)92583-x · Cited by 48
Learning deficits induced by cholinergic blockade of the caudate nucleus as a function of experience
Prado-Alcalá, R. A., & Cobos-Zapiaín, G. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90797-1 · Cited by 45
Operationalizing and Measuring the Organizing Influence of Drugs on Behavior
White, N. M., Messier, C., & Carr, G. D. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_28 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Characteristics of Stimulant Drug Reinforcement
Pickens, R. W., & Thompson, T. I. (1971) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0788-5_11 · Cited by 44
Comparative functions of the central noradrenergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic systems
Robbins, T. W. (1987) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(87)90067-0 · Cited by 42
Opiate Modulation of Memory
Messing, R. B., Jensen, R. A., Vásquez, B. J., et al. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-474980-1.50026-x · Cited by 42
Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on memory consolidation in CD1 mice: Involvement of GABAergic mechanisms
Castellano, C., Introini-Collison, I. B., Pavone, F., & McGaugh, J. L. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90197-4 · Cited by 37
Nicotine conditions place preferences after intracerebral administration in rats
Iwamoto, E. T. (1990) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244415 · Cited by 35
Increased sensitivity to amphetamine and facilitation of amphetamine self-administration after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the amygdala
Deminière, J.-M., Taghzouti, K., Tassin, J., Moal, M. L., & Simon, H. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00176851 · Cited by 34
Characterization of a dose-response curve for nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats: relationship to elevation of plasma beta-endorphin concentration.
Jensen, R. A., Gilbert, D. G., Meliska, C. J., Landrum, T. A., & Szary, A. (1990) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/0163-1047(90)90310-3 · Cited by 34
Morphine stimulation of mesolimbic and mesocortical but not nigrostriatal dopamine release in the rat as reflected by changes in 3-methoxytyramine levels
Wood, P. L., & Rao, T. S. (1991) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(91)90066-k · Cited by 34
Effect of Ro 15-4513 on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference
Risinger, F. O., Malott, D. H., Riley, A. L., et al. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90644-u · Cited by 33
Amphetamine conditioned cue preference and the neurobiology of drug-seeking
White, N. M., & Hiroi, N. (1993) · Seminars in Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1044-5765(05)80040-5 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Effects of morphine on CA1 versus dentate hippocampal field potentials following systemic administration in freely-moving rats
Linseman, M. A. (1982) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(82)90101-0 · Cited by 32
Amphetamine-induced taste aversion demonstrated with operant behaviour
Stolerman, I. P., & D'Mello, G. D. (1978) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(78)90324-6 · Cited by 32
Effects of morphine on one-trial appetitive learning
White, N. M., Major, R., & Siegel, J. (1978) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90564-7 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
The Hippocampus and the Expression of Knowledge
Hirsh, R., & Krajden, J. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7890-7_7 · Cited by 31
Voluntary ethanol consumption in rats
Boyle, A. E., Smith, B. R., Spivak, K. J., et al. (1994) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199408000-00011 · Cited by 30
Consolidation and maze learning: A further study of post-trial injections of a stimulant drug (nicotine)
Garg, M., & HOLLAND, H. C. (1968) · International Journal of Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(68)90055-5 · Cited by 30
Nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversions are enhanced in rats with lesions of the area postrema
Ossenkopp, K., & Giugno, L. (1990) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90266-k · Cited by 30
Pharmacologic determinants of tobacco self-administration by humans
Henningfield, J. E., & Goldberg, S. R. (1988) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90449-2 · Cited by 29
Schedule-induction of nicotine self-administration
Slifer, B. L. (1983) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90407-0 · Cited by 28
The enhancement of retention induced by vasopressin in mice may be mediated by an activation of central nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms
Faiman, C. P., de Erausquin, G. A., & Baratti, C. M. (1991) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/0163-1047(91)90592-e · Cited by 28
Avoidance learning enhanced by post-trial morphine injection
Staubli, U. V., & Huston, J. P. (1980) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(80)91860-9 · Cited by 28
Alcohol ingestion without oropharyngeal sensations
Amit, Z., & Stern, M. H. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03336259 · Cited by 28
Posttrial treatment with ethanol enhances recall of prose narratives
Lamberty, G. J., Beckwith, B. E., Petros, T. V., & Ross, A. R. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90206-j · Cited by 28
Genetic models in the study of alcoholism and substance abuse mechanisms
George, F. R. (1993) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(93)90069-5 · Cited by 27
Improvement of learned behavior through cholinergic stimulation of the caudate nucleus
Prado-Alcalá, R. A., & Cobos-Zapiaín, G. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)96157-3 · Cited by 27
Behavioral control by stimuli associated with acquisition of morphine self-administration
Smith, S. G., & Davis, W. M. (1973) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(73)80139-7 · Cited by 26
Influence of post-training intrahippocampally applied oxotremorine on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination
Grecksch, G., Ott, T., & Matthies, H. J. G. (1978) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(78)90307-6 · Cited by 25
Chlorisondamine blocks acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion produced by (−)-nicotine
Reavill, C. A., Stolerman, I. P., Kumar, R. C., & Garcha, H. S. (1986) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(86)90204-2 · Cited by 25
Acute alcohol alters the excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and hippocampal neurons in culture
Urrutia, A., & Gruol, D. L. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90365-g · Cited by 25
Patterns of unit responses to incremental doses of morphine in central gray, reticular formation, medial thalamus, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, septum and hippocampus in unanesthetized rats☆
Dafny, N., Brown, M., Burks, T. F., et al. (1979) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(79)90075-3 · Cited by 25
Cocaine enhances retention of avoidance conditioning in rats
Janak, P. H., Keppel, G., & Martinez, J. L. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245422 · Cited by 25
Facilitation of hot-plate response learning by pre- and posttraining naltrexone administration
Messing, R. B., Rijk, H., & Rigter, H. (1983) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00439270 · Cited by 25
Intravenous self-administration of pentobarbital and ethanol in rats
DeNoble, V. J., Mele, P. C., & Porter, J. H. (1985) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(85)90068-1 · Cited by 24
Effect of intrahippocampal injection of atropine on different phases of a learning experiment
Singh, H. K., Ott, T., & Matthies, H. J. G. (1974) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421377 · Cited by 24
Nicotine effects in mouse hippocampus are blocked by mecamylamine, but not other nicotinic antagonists
Freund, R. K., Jungschaffer, D. A., & Collins, A. C. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90160-d · Cited by 24
Response characteristics of amygdaloid neurons provoked by emotionally significant environmental stimuli in cats, with special reference to response durations
Maeda, H., Morimoto, H., & Yanagimoto, K. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y93-057 · Cited by 24
Rewarding and aversive effects of stimulant drugs in infant rats
Smith, C. A., & Holman, E. W. (1987) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90107-9 · Cited by 23
Theories of Reinforcement, Drive, and Motivation
Milner, P. M. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4214-4_6 · Cited by 22
Hippocampal mossy fibers, motivational states, and contextual retrieval
Hirsh, R., Holt, L., & Mosseri, A. (1978) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(78)90041-9 · Cited by 22
The Effects of Ethanol on Cerebral Regional Acetylcholine Concentration and Utilization
Parker, T. H., Roberts, R. K., Henderson, G. I., et al. (1978) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-159-40330 · Cited by 21
EtOH self-administration in anticipation of noise stress in C57BL/6J mice
Mollenauer, S. O., Bryson, R., Robison, M., Sardo, J., & Coleman, C. (1993) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90313-i · Cited by 20
Differential ethanol intake in Tryon maze-bright and Tryon maze-dull rats: implications for the validity of the animal model of selectively bred rats for high ethanol consumption
Amit, Z., & Smith, B. R. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245298 · Cited by 19
Effect of morphine on dopaminergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain and striatum
Moleman, P., & Bruitivels, J. (1979) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01250788 · Cited by 17
Changes in hippocampal cholinergic activity following learning in mice
Jaffard, R., Destrade, C., Soumireu-Mourat, B., et al. (1980) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(80)90286-4 · Cited by 17
The representation in memory of morphine’s unconditioned motivational effects depends on the nature of the conditioned stimulus
Stefurak, T. L., Martin, G. M., & van der Kooy, D. (1990) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03333091 · Cited by 16
Attenuation of x-ray-induced taste aversions by olfactory-bulb or amygdaloid lesions
Elkins, R. L. (1980) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90245-0 · Cited by 15
Effect of posttraining exposure to an aversive stimulus on retention
White, N. M., & Legree, P. J. (1984) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03332196 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Fornix—Thalamus fibers, motivational states, and contextual retrieval
Hirsh, R., Davis, R. E., & Holt, L. (1979) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(79)90105-5 · Cited by 15
The amygdala mediates the impairing effect of the selective κ-opioid receptor agonist U-50,488 on memory in CD1 mice
Castellano, C., Libri, V., & Ammassari‐Teule, M. (1988) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(88)90168-4 · Cited by 15
Pleasure and preference in a two-dimensional sensory space
Cabanac, M., & Ferber, C. (1987) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(87)80023-5 · Cited by 14
Limbic brain structures are important sites of κ-opioid receptor-mediated actions in the rat: a [14C]-2-deoxyglucose study
Ableitner, A., & Herz, A. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91513-8 · Cited by 14
Tolman and Tryon: Early research on the inheritance of the ability to learn.
Innis, N. K. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.47.2.190 · Cited by 13
Effects of lesions of the caudate nucleus on morphine dependence in the rat
Linseman, M. A. (1976) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(76)90111-8 · Cited by 12
Clinical validators: Comparisons of demented and amnesic patients.
Butters, N., Martone, M. E., White, B. E., et al. (1986) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10057-029 · Cited by 12
Enhancement of win-shift radial maze retention by peripheral posttraining administration of d-amphetamine and 4-OH amphetamine
Packard, M. G., Williams, C. L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1992) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03332060 · Cited by 11
Imaging of hippocampal and neocortical neural activity following intravenous cocaine administration in freely behaving cats
Rector, D. M., Poe, G. R., & Harper, R. M. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90234-7 · Cited by 11
Indicated Preference for Drugs of Abuse
Kliner, D. J., & Pickens, R. W. (1982) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826088209064057 · Cited by 10
Cocaine enhances one-way avoidance responding in mice
Weinberger, S. B., Riedel, C. A., Janak, P. H., et al. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90238-b · Cited by 9
The Role of Norepinephrine in Long-Term Potentiation at Mossy-Fiber Synapses in the Hippocampus
Johnston, D., Hopkins, W. F., & Gray, R. (1989) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-148955-7.50019-9 · Cited by 7
Neuroanatomy of Memory
R., S. S. Z.-M. A. L. (1993) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.16.1.547 · Cited by 5

Research works printed but not linked: 43

10.1146/annurev.neuro.9.1.357 · DOI · Paper page
Amit Z., 1977, Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 230, 65
10.1037//0097-7403.18.3.236 · DOI
Brown Z. W., 1977, Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 230, 76
Cabanac M., 1968, Communications in Behavioral Biology, 1, 77
Candland D. K., 1977, Emotion
10.1146/annurev.neuro.15.1.353 · DOI · Paper page
Divac I., 1968, Acta Biologiae Experimentalis (Warsaw, 28, 107
Drummond D. C., 1991, Addiction Behaviour, 240
Evangelista A. M., 1970, Psychopharmacology, 3, 91
Falkowski W., 1991, Addiction Behaviour, 244
Garcia J., 1966, Psychonomic Science, 7, 439
Gold P. E., 1975, Short Term Memory
Hull C. L., 1943, Principles of Behavior
10.1037//0735-7044.103.2.345 · DOI
Izard C. E., 1972, Patterns of Emotions
Jaffard R., 1982, Genetics of the Brain, 299
Jon R. J., 1981, Substances Alcohol Actions/Misuses, 2, 15
Lamb R. J., 1991, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 259, 1165
Littleton J., 1991, Addiction Behaviours, 11
10.1037//0735-7044.107.1.3 · DOI · Paper page
McGaugh J. L., 1972, Memory Consolidation
Mishkin M., 1984, Neuropsychology of Memory, 287
Mishkin M., 1984, Neurobiology of Human Memory and Learning, 65
O'Brien C. P., 1991, Addiction Behaviour, 230
Olton D. S., 1982, Spatial Abilities: Develop Physiological Foundations, 335
10.1037//0097-7403.2.2.97 · DOI
Packard M. G., 1993, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 1226
Pavlov I. P., 1927, Conditioned Reflexes
Petri H. L., 1993, American Scientist, 82, 30
Phillips A. G., 1982, The Neural Basis of Feeding and Reward, 455
Pickens R., 1968, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 161, 122
Silverstone P. H., 1993, Neuro Report, 4, 1043
Skinner B. F., 1938, The Behavior of Organisms
10.1037//0033-295X.91.2.251 · DOI
Thorndike E. L., 1911, Animal Intelligence
Toates F. M., 1986, Motivational Systems
Tolman E. C., 1949, Psychological Review, 56, 144, 10.1037/h0055304 · DOI
Viaud M. D., 1989, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 734
Wang J., 1990, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 16, 617
Weeks J. R., 1968, The Addictive States, 288
West R., 1991, Addiction Behaviour, 20
10.1037//0021-843X.97.2.118 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Neurocircuitry of Addiction
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings
Shaham, Y., Shalev, U., Lu, L., de Wit, H., & Stewart, J. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1224-x · Cited by 1,615
Addiction
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237 · Cited by 1,509
The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking
Ikemoto, S., & Panksepp, J. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00023-5 · Cited by 1,450

See all 439

Authors: WHITE, N. M.
Affiliations: McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: WHITE, NORMAN M.
ORCID: WHITE, NORMAN M.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1996-07
Volume: 91
Issue: 7
Pages: 921-950
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03586.x
OpenAlex: W2135546946
Cited by: 439
References: 269
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 7001 d)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: drugs of abuse, reinforcement, memory systems, self-administration, reward, learning and memory, amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, morphine, aversive stimuli
MeSH terms: Ethanol, Amphetamines, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Cocaine, Hippocampus, Learning, Memory, Morphine, Nicotine, Reinforcement, Psychology, Self Administration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks