Cited by 292Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesMobile Health and mHealth Applications

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Happy Ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention

Brendryen, Håvar, Kraft, Pål·2008·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x

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Abstract

Aims To assess the long‐term efficacy of a fully automated digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention. Design Two‐arm randomized control trial (RCT). Setting World Wide Web (WWW) study based in Norway. Participants Subjects (n = 396) were recruited via internet advertisements and assigned randomly to conditions. Inclusion criteria were willingness to quit smoking and being aged 18 years or older. Intervention The treatment group received the internet‐ and cell‐phone‐based Happy Ending intervention. The intervention programme lasted 54 weeks and consisted of more than 400 contacts by e‐mail, web‐pages, interactive voice response (IVR) and short message service (SMS) technology. The control group received a self‐help booklet. Additionally, both groups were offered free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Measurements Abstinence was defined as ‘not even a puff of smoke, for the last 7 days’, and assessed by means of internet surveys or telephone interviews. The main outcome was repeated point abstinence at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following cessation. Findings Participants in the treatment group reported clinically and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants [22.3% versus 13.1%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–3.26, P = 0.02; intent‐to‐treat). Improved adherence to NRT and a higher level of post‐cessation self‐efficacy were observed in the treatment group compared with the control group. Conclusions As the first RCT documenting the long‐term treatment effects of such an intervention, this study adds to the promise of digital media in supporting behaviour change.

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Authors: Brendryen, H., & Kraft, P.
Affiliations: University of Oslo (NO)
Corresponding author: Brendryen, Håvar
ORCID: Brendryen, Håvar
Kraft, Pål
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-02-05
Volume: 103
Issue: 3
Pages: 478-484
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x
OpenAlex: W2130253452
Cited by: 292
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 16.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Norges Forskningsråd
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords: smoking cessation, digital interventions, multimedia intervention, online intervention, mobile phone intervention, interactive voice response, short message service, nicotine replacement therapy, abstinence, self-efficacy, long-term efficacy, behavior change
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Adult, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Patient Compliance, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome, Multimedia, Self Efficacy, Internet, Cell Phone

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Happy Ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention

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