The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Serum concentrations and tissue expression of a novel endocrine regulator fibroblast growth factor-21 in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is a novel endocrine and paracrine regulator of metabolic homeostasis. The aim of our study was to measure its serum concentrations in patients with obesity, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy subjects (C), and to assess the changes of its circulating levels and mRNA expression after dietary and pharmacological interventions. DESIGN: We measured biochemical parameters, serum FGF21, adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels by commercial ELISA and RIA kits, and mRNA expression in the liver, subcutaneous and visceral fat by RT PCR in 26 obese patients, 11 T2DM patients and 32 control subjects. The interventions were acute hyperinsulinaemia during isoglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp, very low calorie diet (VLCD) and 3 months treatment with PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate. RESULTS: Baseline serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher in both obese and T2DM patients relative to healthy controls. FGF21 levels in obesity did not significantly differ from T2DM group. Both 3 weeks of VLCD and 3 months of fenofibrate treatment significantly increased FGF21 levels. FGF21 mRNA expression in visceral fat was twofold higher in obesity relative to C group, while it did not differ in subcutaneous fat. VLCD significantly increased FGF21 mRNA expression in subcutaneous fat of obesity. 3-h hyperinsulinaemia during the clamp increased FGF21 levels in T2DM but not in C group. CONCLUSION: An increase in FGF21 levels after VLCD and fenofibrate treatment may contribute to positive metabolic effect of these interventions and suggests the possibility of direct positive metabolic effects of FGF21 in humans.
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“In humans, circulating FGF21 levels also increase with obesity [[174], [175], [176]], type 2 diabetes [[176], [177], [178]], and NAFLD [179,180]”
From Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver (2021) · cites this paper as [176]
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“e paradoxical elevation of FGF-21 levels in the circulation has also been reported in nondiabetic overweight and obese humans [10, 11, 15], indicating that the contentious regulation starts earlier than the actual time when a disease develops.”
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Alisi, A., Panera, N., & Nobili, V. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-1828 · Cited by 8
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“Increased circulating levels of FGF21 have also been observed in human diabetic patients [73,74].”
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“[12] found an increased FGF21 expression induced by incubation of HepG2 cells with FFAs, through the activation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα), which is an important regulator of FGF21[6, 13].”
BackgroundRoles of FGF21 and irisin in obesity-related diabetes and pancreatic diseases
Xie, T., & Leung, P. S. (2020) · Journal of Pancreatology · doi:10.1097/jp9.0000000000000039 · Cited by 7
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“In some metabolic diseases other than mitochondrial disorders, like in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, the serum or plasma levels of FGF-21 have been reported to be elevated [8].”
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“Individuals with type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and coronary heart disease show FGF21 elevation to varying degrees.(17,18,20,21,23,33) A rapid increase in the FGF21 concentration in metabolic disorders via compensatory secretion has been reported.”
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“Circulating levels of the osteoclast-derived sclerostin, an endogenous inhibitor of the wnt signaling pathway, have been reported to be elevated in people with T2D [6, 7].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of central FGF21 infusion on the glucose homeostasis in rats (brain–pancreas axis)
Tanbek, K., Yılmaz, Ü., Gül, M., Koç, A., & Sandal, S. (2023) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2023.2166964 · Cited by 6
“FGF21 expression is induced by fibrates with endogenous PPAR a ligands and increased fatty acids after fasting, ketogenic diet or artificial PPAR a ligands (Mai et al. 2009, Mraz et al. 2009).”
Vankrunkelsven, W., Thiessen, S., Derde, S., Vervoort, E., Derese, I., Pintelon, I., Matheussen, H., Jans, A., Goossens, C., Langouche, L., et al. (2023) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-023-00320-4 · Cited by 5
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“FGF21 is elevated in obesity and type 2 diabetes [3] and plays an important role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and energy balance [4].”
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“Previous weight loss trials have reported conflicting findings, with some trials reporting a reduction in fasting FGF21 levels upon diet-induced weight loss [9–13], and others reporting an increase [40] or no effect on circulating FGF21 levels [14–20].”
ResultFibroblast Growth Factor 21 Predicts Type 2 Diabetes in Taiwanese
Su, S., Kuo, C., Huang, C., & Liu, C.-S. (2013) · Zānghuà yīxué · Cited by 4
Fibroblast growth factor 21 and its influence on metabolic processes in the human body
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“This factor may be a risk factor for some diseases like insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (Mraz et al., 2009; Bobbert et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTherapeutic potential of FGF21 in diabetes
Davis, D., Garg, C., & Lahiri, S. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies · Cited by 4
Ajala, O. N., & Mora, S. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.001 · Cited by 4
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The stimulatory effects of glucagon on cortisol and GH secretion occur independently from FGF-21
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“Based on this result, they suggested that high serum FGF-21 levels in obese patients were associated with increased FGF-21 mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue [18].”
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“Although FGF21 has several beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose and lipid metabolism [6, 7], circulating FGF21 levels are paradoxically increased in hepatosteatosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in rodents and humans [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].”
BackgroundThe Relation Between Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Insulin Resistance in hyperlipidemia Patients
Jasim, R. F., Mohammad, S. S., & Allwsh, T. A. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.21608/ejchem.2021.80062.3947 · Cited by 3
“These results were in consistent with [1,5], the cause of this increase in FGF21 concentration might be due to increased FGF21 resistance [17] or due to Increased concentration of cholesterol since FGF21 enhance the efflux of”
ResultFibroblast Growth Factor 21 is a Regulator of Energy Metabolism in the Liver and Adipose Tissue
Matikainen, N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407869-7.00039-8 · Cited by 3
FGF21 Levels in Pheochromocytoma/Functional Paraganglioma
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“Mraz and co-workers have demonstrated that FGF21 expression in the human liver was more than 100-fold higher relative to fat, suggesting that the liver remains the most important producer of this factor in humans [27].”
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Role of ChREBP–PPARα–FGF21 Axis in Metabolic Dysfunction of MASLD
Girón, K. M. P., Nazará, Z., Maldonado‐González, M., Martínez‐López, E., Sánchez-Muñoz, M. P., Bautista-López, C. A., Aldana-Aguiñaga, M. S., Domínguez-Rosales, J. A., Vargas‐Guerrero, B., & Ruiz‐Madrigal, B. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311425 · Cited by 3
“Mraz et al. identified significantly higher expression in the visceral adipose tissue of obese individuals [106].”
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 as a Regulator of Energy Metabolism in the Liver and Adipose Tissue
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FGF21 increases the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib under hypoxia
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“Although functional studies indicate that FGF21 counteracts metabolic derangement, increased circulating levels of FGF21 were observed in subjects with obesity and metabolic syndrome [16] prompting the need for more investigations to understand the physiological role of FGF21.”
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Vincenzo, A. D., Granzotto, M., Crescenzi, M., Fioretto, P., Vettor, R., & Rossato, M. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01879-3 · Cited by 2
“…in adipose tissue lipolysis [8, 9], and hepatic lipid content reduction after SGLT2i treatment [10], but surprisingly patients with obesity and T2DM show higher circulating levels of FGF-21 than expected [11, 12], thus questioning the real contribution of FGF-21 to the overall SGLT2i benefit.”
Bicistronic reporter mice for monitoring of Fgf21 expression
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator
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Comment on serum FGF21 and RBP4 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C
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“However, because the liver is the major source of circulating FGF21 in humans [2], the hepatic biosynthetic capacity may influence the serum levels of FGF21.”
BackgroundSomatic Evolution of Cancer: A New SynthesisPreprint
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“Current data on population levels of growth factors are scanty but available studies show that the levels of EGF, NGF and many other growth factors are altered in many lifestyle related disorders (Kasayama et al 1989, Rasmussen 1995, Mraz et al 2009).”
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Lam, S., Lui, D. T. W., Shiu, S. W. M., Wong, Y., & Tan, K. C. B. (2023) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100380 · Cited by 1
“Circulating FGF21 concentration is known to be increased in obesity and type 2 diabetes (22, 26, 27).”
BackgroundAL-shibil, Z. M. R., & Kadhim, Z. J. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.15584/ejcem.2026.1.26 · Cited by 1
“48 Serum FGF21 concentrations are typically elevated in cases of obesity and fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD).”
Adiponectin may improve osseointegration of dental implants in T2DM patients
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“Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, and decreased adiponectin levels were found to be closely associated with obesity and T2DM [10,11].”
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BackgroundChen, Y., Wu, Q., Gao, Y., Zhang, H., Dong, Z., Li, R., & Xu, C. (2019) · Medycyna Weterynaryjna · doi:10.21521/mw.6343 · Cited by 1
“Recent studies show that systemic administration of recombinant FGF-21 to cultured cells (5), rodents (4), and primates (3, 10) improves glucose and lipid metabolism, suggesting that FGF-21 might be an interesting candidate for treating diabetes and other metabolic dysregulations clustered in animals with a metabolic…”
BackgroundOliveira‐Santos, A. A., Salvatori, R., Bueno, A. C., Nogueira, M. C., Campos, V. C., Melo, M. A., Oliveira, C. R. P., Barros-Oliveira, C. S., Marinho, C. G., Damascena, N. P., et al. (2021) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02700-6 · Cited by 1
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“In contrast to the traditional glucocentric view, the focus has shifted toward a more complex approach emphasizing the importance of the beneficial effects of novel antidiabetics on multiple cardiovascular risk factors (Skyler et al. 2009).”
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GÜRLER, M., Dağ, İ., & Serin, N. Ö. (2022) · Experimental Biomedical Research · doi:10.30714/j-ebr.2022275837
“found that means fasting serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in T2DM group compared to normoglycemic healthy controls [8].”
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“However, the paradoxical surge of circulating FGF-21 in GDM and insulin resistance states could be a defensive mechanism to counteract the metabolic disorders dictated by diabetes ((19)).”
BackgroundTakebe, N., Hasegawa, Y., Matsushita, Y., Chiba, H., Onodera, K., Kinno, H., Oda, T., Nagasawa, K., Segawa, T., Takahashi, Y., et al. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034797
“[4] However, a growing body of evidence obtained from studies of humans with metabolic syndrome, [6] nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, [7] obesity, and diabetes [8] indicates serum FGF21 elevation in these patients.”
Akdağ, G., & Altunoğlu, E. (2023) · Istanbul Medical Journal · doi:10.4274/imj.galenos.2023.19626
Signaling pathway and pharmacology
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Effects of Asprosin and FGF21 on Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism Following Sleeve Gastrectomy
Türker, A. S., Gündüz, U. R., Aykal, G., Dincer, A., Özkan, H., Çelik, Ö., & Aydın, M. A. (2025) · Indian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12262-025-04356-2
“Furthermore, circulating FGF-21 levels have been shown to positively correlate with BMI, insulin levels, and glycemia [26, 27].”
Can we run away from the metabolic side effects of antipsychotics?
Akcan, M., & Wright, D. C. (2025) · Translational Exercise Biomedicine · doi:10.1515/teb-2025-0016
“FGF21 is highly expressed in the liver [86] and pancreas [87] and toalesser extent in adipose tissue [88], and skeletal muscle [89].”
Koçaslan, D., & Kısakol, G. (2025) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s519236
“7,20 Along these lines, Gorar et al 11 suggested that increased FGF21 levels in patients with PCOS were associated with increased BMI values.”
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“Early reports have evidenced changes in FGF-21 plasma/serum levels associated with obesity [33], T2DM [34], and MASLD [35].”
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Adipokine in Metabolic Liver Disease: Adipo–Brain–Liver Cross talk
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mraz, M., Bartlova, M., Lacinova, Z., Michalsky, D., Kasalicky, M., Haluzikova, D., Matoulek, M., Dostalova, I., Humenanska, V., & Haluzik, M.
- ORCID
- Matoulek, M.
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-08-14
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 369-375
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2157891550
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
- Keywords
- FGF21, type 2 diabetes, obesity, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, liver, very low calorie diet, fenofibrate, PPARα agonist, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, metabolic homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Humans, Liver, Middle Aged, Obesity, Fenofibrate, Gene Expression, Case-Control Studies, Leptin, Adiponectin
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