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Cited by 34Geological and Geophysical StudiesGeological and Geophysical Studies Worldwideearthquake and tectonic studies

Crustal structure of the northern Levant region: multiple source Werner deconvolution estimates for Bouguer gravity anomalies

Open access
Khair, Kamal, Tsokas, Gregory N., Sawaf, Tarif·1997·Geophysical Journal International
DOI 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1997.tb05322.x
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Abstract

The opening of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, and the collision of the Arabian plate with the jigsaw southern margin of the Anatolian plate have sheared the Sinai-Levant microplate off the NW part of the Arabian plate, and created the left-lateral Dead Sea (Levant) transform fault. The structural setting of the northern Levant region, particularly Lebanon and the Palmyrides, has been complicated by detachments along incompetent evaporitic horizons, roughly separating the post-Triassic succession from the underlying crustal material. The interpretation of the multiple source Werner deconvolution (MSWD) estimates of Bouguer gravity profiles, which were separately calculated for Syria and Lebanon, integrated with the available geological and geophysical results leads to the following interpretations: (1) the crust of Syria thickens southeastwards from approximately 32 km under the Al-Ghab Graben to >36 km under the Aleppo high, the Palmyride fold belt and the Rutbah high; (2) the lower-crustal (basaltic) layer thickens northwestwards from the hinterland to the Al-Ghab graben at the expense of the overlying andesitic layer; (3) the Mid-Beqa'a fault is delineated by the MSWD estimates in Lebanon and its NE extension in Syria; (4) the Phanerozoic section in the southwesternmost parts of the Palmyrides is ∼ 13 km thick, and the shortening there could exceed 30 km; (5) the Palmyride fold belt, and the Serghaya and Mid-Beqa'a faults could have accounted for about 70 km of the 105 km left-lateral displacement along the southern segment of the Dead Sea transform fault system, without transmission to the Syrian (northern) segment of the fault system; (6) the splitting of the Dead Sea transform fault in the Kuleh Depression into the Serghaya. Mid-Beqa'a, Yammouneh and Roum faults could be explained by the rotation of the detached post-Triassic succession over a stable deep left-lateral fracture of the Dead Sea fault in the underlying crustal material.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1997.tb05322.x

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

6 of 43 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Seismic-refraction results from Syria show that the Phanerozoic sedimentary section varies from more than about 8.0 km in the Rutbah high to 9.0 km in the NE Palmyrides and 11 km in their central part.

    “seismic-refraction results from Syria show that the Phanerozoic sedimentary section varies from more than about 8.0 km in the Rutbah high to 9.0 km in the NE Palmyrides and 11 km in their central part (e.g.Seber et al. 1993;Barazangi et al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Seber et al. 1993 source

      The Abstract (page not provided) places the approximately 11 km sedimentary section in the southwestern Palmyrides and the approximately 9 km section in the central belt—not 11 km centrally and 9 km in the northeast. It does support a basement depth of at least 8 km in the Rutbah uplift. The Profile II passage also says the 11 km column includes pre-Cambrian sedimentary rocks, so calling the entire column Phanerozoic is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Barazangi et al. 1993 source
  • Premisecitation

    The interpretation results of seismic-refraction data across the central and NE parts of the Palmyrides show that shortening increases southwestwards.

    “the interpretation results of these data across their central and NE parts show that shortening increases southwestwards (Chaimov et al. 1990; Barazangi et al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chaimov et al. 1990 source

      The Shortening section reports minimum shortening estimates of 20 km, 3 km, and about 1 km from southwest to northeast, supporting the southwestward increase. However, the Data and Method of Analysis and Shortening sections identify the underlying data as seismic reflection, not seismic refraction. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Barazangi et al. 1993 source
  • Premisecitation

    Chaimov et al. (1990) showed that the shortening across the central part of the Palmyride fold belt increases southwestwards from 3 km (transect B) to 20 km (transect A) over a distance of about 60 km.

    “Chaimov et al. (1990) showed that the shortening across the central part of the Palmyride fold belt increases southwestwards from 3 (transect B) to 20 km (transect A) over a distance of about 60 km (see Figs 1 and 2 and plate 1 in Chaimov et a!. 1990).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chaimov et al. (1990) source

      The Shortening section reports minimum shortening of 20 km, 3 km, and about 1 km from southwest to northeast; the figure captions identify A and B as the first two transects. This supports the increase from 3 km at B to 20 km at A, but the passages do not establish that A and B are about 60 km apart (page numbers are unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Based on seismic-refraction profiles, Seber et al. (1993) indicated that the thickness of the Phanerozoic sedimentary section increases from 9 to 11 km over almost the same distance.

    “Based on the interpretation of seismic-refraction profiles, Seber et al. ( 1993) indicated that the thickness of the Phanerozoic sedimentary section increases, over almost the same distance, from 9 to 11 km.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Seber et al. (1993) source

      The Discussion reports basement depths of about 9 km in the central Palmyrides and 11 km beneath the southwestern segment, consistent with a thicker sedimentary column to the southwest. But Profile II says the 11 km column includes pre-Cambrian rocks, so the paper does not establish that the Phanerozoic section itself reaches 11 km. The supplied passages give no basis for assessing “over almost the same distance.” (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    The Mid-Beqa'a fault is delineated by the MSWD estimates in Lebanon and its NE extension in Syria.

    “the Mid-Beqa'a fault is delineated by the MSWD estimates in Lebanon and its NE extension in Syria”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Syrian segment of the Dead Sea fault system shows about 25-30 km of left-lateral displacement.

    “This segment shows about 25-30 km of left-lateral displacement (e.g.Quennell 1984; Chaimov et al. 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Quennell 1984 source
    • cites Chaimov et al. 1990 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chaimov et al. (1990) indicated that the southwestern, most intensely folded and shortened region of the Palmyrides exhibits typical fold-and-thrust-belt structures, with a low-angle decollement surface probably in early to middle Triassic deposits, and interpreted this detachment as corresponding to an evaporitic layer.

    “Chaimov et at.(1990) also indicated that the southwestern, most intensely folded (and shortened), region of the Palmyrides exhibits typical fold-and-thrust-belt structures, with a low-angle decollement (or detachment) surface, probably in early to middle Triassic deposits, and interpreted this detachment as corresponding to an evaporitic layer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chaimov et al. (1990) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The configuration of the basement surface along profile BB' is similar to that of Khair et al. (1993), but the MSWD model is characterized by a wider depression.

    “The configuration of the basement surface here is similar to that of Khair et al. (1993), but the MSWD 'model' is characterized by a wider depression (Figs 7c and d).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Khair et al. (1993)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In central Syria, the lower basaltic layer is less than 10 km thick, whereas the andesitic layer is much thicker.

    “(2) In central Syria, the lower basaltic layer is less than 10 km thick, whereas the andesitic layer is much thicker.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The MSWD method has been successfully used by Tsokas (1995) and Tsokas & Hansen (1996) for gravity-derivative data.

    “The MSWD method has been successfully used by Tsokas (1995) and Tsokas & Hansen (1996) for gravity-derivative data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tsokas (1995) source
    • cites Tsokas & Hansen (1996)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only about 60 km of displacement has been estimated in the northern segment of the Dead Sea fault system, distributed between shortening across the Palmyride fold belt and left-lateral displacement along the Yammouneh, Serghaya and Roum faults.

    “only about 60 km of displacement has been estimated, distributed between shortening across the Palmyride fold belt and left-lateral displacement along the Yammouneh, Serghaya and Roum faults”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beydoun 1977a,b, 1988, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hancock & Atiya 1979 source
    • cites Khair et al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The MSWD method allows one to locate the vertices of the body causing the anomaly simultaneously.

    “Unlike the classical depth-estimation methods, it allows one to locate the vertices of the body causing the anomaly simultaneously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hansen & Simmonds 1993 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The other 40-45 km of displacement in the northern segment has been distributed on a hypothetical basis.

    “The other 40-45 km of displacement has been distributed on a hypothetical basis”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beydoun 1977a,b, 1988, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hancock & Atiya 1979 source
    • cites Khair et al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Al-Ghab rift is a pull-apart structure.

    “the Al-Ghab rift a pull-apart structure (Matar & Mascle 1993)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Matar & Mascle 1993 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The mechanism of motion along the Syrian segment of the Dead Sea (Levant) fault seems to be pure left-lateral strike slip.

    “The mechanism of the motion along this part of the Dead Sea (Levant) fault seems to be pure leftlateral strike slip”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Matar & Mascle 1993 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    About 105 km of left-lateral displacement has occurred along the southern segment of the Dead Sea (Levant) transform fault.

    “Various lines of geological and geophysical evidence indicate about 105 km of left-lateral displacement along the southern segment of this fault”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dubertret 1932

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Quennell 1951

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Freund et al. 1970 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Along profile EE', the basaltic layer seems to thicken at the expense of the andesitic layer towards the Mediterranean Sea, and the thickness of the crust probably decreases in the same direction.

    “In a similar manner to profile DD', the basaltic layer along EE' seems to thicken at the expense of the andesitic layer towards the Mediterranean Sea, and the thickness of the crust probably decreases in the same direction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The crust thins towards the Mediterranean Sea and the basaltic layer thickens at the expense of the andesitic layer along profile DD'.

    “The geometry of the boundaries indicates that the crust thins towards the Mediterranean Sea and the basaltic layer thickens at the expense of the andesitic layer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The local gravity high above the Palmyrides could be explained by the presence of a high-density body penetrating the crust or a high-density intrusive body associated with Palaeozoic extension.

    “Alternatively, the local gravity high above the Palmyrides could be explained by the presence of a high-density body penetrating the crust (Al-Saad et al. 1992) or a high-density intrusive body that might have been associated with Palaeozoic extension (Barazangi et al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Al-Saad et al. 1992 source
    • cites Barazangi et al. 1993 source
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The vertex at 105 km from the origin on profile EE' is located under the NW margin of the Palmyrides and probably delimits the NE continuation of the Mid-Beqa'a fault.

    “This vertex (105 km from the origin) is located under the NW margin of the Palmyrides and probably delimits the NE continuation of the Mid-Beqa'a fault (Figs 1 and 5b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The high Bouguer gravity values in the west and the two lows can be explained by crustal thinning and increased thickness of the sedimentary succession at the SE margin of the Aleppo high and NW of the Rutbah high.

    “This would explain the high Bouguer gravity values in the west, whereas the two lows could be explained by an increased thickness of the sedimentary succession at the SE margin of the Aleppo high and NW of the Rutbah high.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This reflects some thickening in the lower layer at the expense of the upper one, which would agree with the gravity high at the NW margin of the Rutbah high.

    “This reflects some thickening in the lower layer at the expense of the upper one, which would agree with the gravity high at the NW margin of the Rutbah high.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The shoaling of the basement surface from the Palmyrides to the Anti-Lebanon Mountains explains the difference between the Palmyride Mountains as a fold belt structure, with an increased thickness of sedimentary section, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and Mount Lebanon as mountain ranges having no crustal roots and that are not in simple isostatic equilibrium.

    “The shoaling of the basement surface from the Palmyrides to the Anti-Lebanon Mountains explains the difference between the Palmyride M,ountains as a fold belt structure, with an increased thickness of sedimentary section, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and Mount Lebanon as mountain ranges having no crustal roots and that are not in simple isostatic equilibrium (Khair et al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Khair et al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The remaining 5-10 km of displacement could be absorbed by the Roum fault and jostling and twisting across Mount Lebanon.

    “The remaining 5-10 km of displacement could be absorbed by the Roum fault and jostling and 'twisting' across Mount Lebanon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Triassic sediments were laid down over much of the Levant; they thicken to more than 1500 m in the axial region of the basin, where their thickness increases southwestwards from the Palmyrides to Lebanon and the maritime regions of the Levant.

    “These sediments were laid down over much of the-Levant; they thicken to more than 1500m in the axial region of the basin, where their thickness increases southwestwards from the Palmyrides to Lebanon and the maritime regions of the Levant (Beydoun & Habib 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beydoun & Habib 1995 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All structures east of the Yammouneh fault (the Palmyride fold belt and the Serghaya and Mid-Beqa'a faults) are responsible for about 65-75 km of shortening and left-lateral displacement that are not transmitted to the Syrian segment of the Dead Sea (Levant) fault system.

    “Thus, all structures east of the Yammouneh fault (the Palmyride fold belt and the Serghaya and the Mid-Beqa'a faults) are responsible for about 65-75 km of shortening and left-lateral displacement that are not transmitted to the Syrian segment of the Dead Sea (Levant) fault system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although rocks deeper than mid-to lower Jurassic have not been penetrated in Lebanon, evaporites have been delineated at 650 m below the surface by electrical surveys (telluric method) in Nahr Ibrahim valley.

    “Although rocks deeper than mid-to lower Jurassic have not been penetrated in Lebanon, these evaporites have been delineated at 650 m below the surface by electrical surveys (telluric method) in Nahr Ibrahim valley (Renouard 1955;Beydoun 1977b;Khair 1992).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Renouard 1955 source
    • cites Beydoun 1977b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Khair 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Lebanon, the crust thickens from about 27 km near the coast to about 35 km beneath the Anti-Lebanon.

    “for example, in Lebanon the crust thickens from about 27 km near the coast to about 35 km beneath the Anti-Lebanon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Khair et al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Serghaya fault absorbs about 30 km of movement.

    “The Serghaya fault absorbs about 30km of movement (Walley 1988;Khair et al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Walley 1988 source
    • cites Khair et al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Upon clockwise rotation, the Serghaya fault (easternmost) would be the oldest, followed by the Mid-Beqa'a fault, then the present Yammouneh fault and finally the Roum fault.

    “Thus, upon clockwise rotation the Serghaya fault (easternmost) would be the oldest, followed by the Mid-Beqa'a fault, then the present Yammouneh fault and finally the Roum fault.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Palmyride fold belt and the Serghaya and Mid-Beqa'a faults are responsible for 65-75 km of shortening and left-lateral displacement, which are not transmitted to the Syrian segment of the Dead Sea fault system.

    “( 5 ) The Palmyride fold belt and the Serghaya a n d Mid-Beqa'a faults are responsible for 65-75 k m of shortening and left-lateral displacement, which are not transmitted to the Syrian segment of the Dead Sea fault system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If the rotation was counterclockwise, then the Roum would be the oldest fault and the Serghaya the youngest.

    “If the rotation was counterclockwise, then the Roum would be the oldest fault and the Serghaya the youngest Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The MSWD estimates mark the extension of the Mid-Beqa'a fault in Lebanon and its NE continuation into Syria.

    “(3) The MSWD estimates mark the extension of the Mid-Beqa'a fault in Lebanon and its NE continuation into Syria.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The vertices inferred by MSWD correspond to real geological interfaces (e.g., Moho, basement, basaltic/andesitic boundary).

    “The interfaces of the proposed models were basically assigned by the location of the vertices, taking into account the results of earlier geophysical studies and the regional geological elements, particularly the faults and their extensions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 2-D gravity profiles are representative of the 3-D crustal structure of the northern Levant region.

    “All profiles extend from the Mediterranean shoreline in the west to the southeastern borders of Syria with Iraq and Jordan (Fig. 3).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The bulk of the Triassic system consists of dolomites and limestones with less common cyclically repeated shale and evaporite beds.

    “The bulk of the Triassic system consists of dolomites and limestones with less common cyclically repeated shale and evaporite beds.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • BB′ results cite the wrong figure

    Minor

    The paper places the Lebanese BB′ MSWD estimates in Fig. 7c, but the discussion of those estimates cites Fig. 8c.

  • Conflicting lower bound for sediment thickness in Lebanon

    Minor

    The AA′ results give a lower bound of 3.5 km beneath Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, while the concluding summary gives 4.5 km for those same areas.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. BEICIP Report, 1975, Gravity map of Syria
  2. Darkal, 1990, The Levant Fault Zone: an outline of its structure, evolution and regional relationship, Z. Geol. Wiss. Berlin, 18, 549
  3. Dubertret, 1932, Les formes stucturales de la Syrie et de la Palestine, C. R. Acad. Sci. France, 195, 66
  4. Dubertret, 1966, Liban-Syrie et bordure des pays voisins, I partie: Tableau stratigraphique avec carte geologique au millioneme, Notes et Memoires sur le Moyen-Orient, 8, 251
  5. Ginzburg, 1987, The deep structure of the central and southern Levant continental margin, Ann. Tect., 1, 105
  6. Khair, 1992, Geology of the Arab World, 231
  7. Khair, 1993, Gravity modeling and geologic setting and tectonics of the central segment of the Dead Sea fault zone, Geology, 21, 739
  8. Leonov, Y.G., (ed.), 1989. The Tectonic Map of Syria, scale 1:500,000, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources of the Syrian Arab Republic and Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in press.
  9. Ponikarov, 1967, The Geology of Syria: Explanatory Notes on the Geological Map of Syria, scale 1:500,000 Part I, Stratigraphy, Igneous Rocks and Tectonics
  10. Quennell, 1951, Geology and mineral resources of former Trans-Jordan, Col. Geol. Miner. Resour., 2, 85
  11. Quennell, A.M. , 1959. Tectonics of the Dead Sea Rift, in 20th Inter, Geol. Congr. Proc., pp. 385-403, ASGA, Mexico, 1956.
  12. Quennell, 1983, Evolution of the Dead Sea Rift: a review, 460
  13. Stahl, 1959, Carte gravimetrique du Liban au 1:200,000 avec notice explicative

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Khair, K., Tsokas, G. N., & Sawaf, T.
Affiliations
  • American University of Beirut (LB)
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
ORCID
Tsokas, Gregory N.
Venue
Geophysical Journal International
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997-03
Volume
128
Issue
3
Pages
605-616
ISSN
  • 0956-540X (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-246X
DOI
10.1111/j.1365-246x.1997.tb05322.x
OpenAlex
W2158752371
Semantic Scholar
617fa5f0b670b92fb23c850f23bdb51d17e696cf
Cited by
34
References
43
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Geophysical Journal International (publishedVersion)
Funders
Colorado School of Mines
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geophysical Studies Worldwide
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
Keywords
crustal structure, Northern Levant, Bouguer gravity anomalies, Dead Sea transform fault, left-lateral faulting, crustal thickening, Lebanon, Syria

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