Cited by 251Coral and Marine Ecosystems StudiesOcean Acidification Effects and ResponsesMarine and coastal plant biology

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Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corals and other coral reef organisms

SHICK, J. MALCOLM, LESSER, MICHAEL P., JOKIEL, PAUL L.·1996·Global Change Biology

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00065.x

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Abstract

The discovery of the importance of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as a factor affecting the biology of coral reefs dates only to about 1980. Interest has heightened during the past five years owing to the demonstration of loss of stratospheric ozone through human activities. We have only begun to document gross, qualitative effects of UVR on coral reef organisms, usually in experiments comparing the biological response to the presence or absence of UVR through the use of UV‐cutoff filters, or to varying levels of UVR in transplantation studies. Most such studies have not distinguished between the effects of UVA (320–400 nm) and those of UVB (290–320 nm), although in the context of global change involving stratospheric ozone loss, it is the latter wavelengths that are relevant. To date we have been addressing physiological and ecological questions, not yet attempting to evaluate quantitatively the impact of forecast increases in solar UVB penetration. Interacting and synergistic effects of UVR with increased temperature, pollutants, sedimentation, visible light, etc. have scarcely been studied but will be essential to understanding and predicting the fate of coral reefs under conditions of global change. Here we comprehensively review the effects of UVR on corals and other reef macroorganisms, mindful that although much is known of proximal effects, little of this knowledge is directly useful in making long‐term predictions regarding the health of coral reefs. We conclude that even small anthropogenic increases in UVB levels will have sublethal physiological manifestations in corals and other reef organisms, but that this will have relatively small impact on the distribution of reef corals and coral reefs, perhaps affecting their minimum depths of occurrence.

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Background
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“Given the interactive effects of SST and UV radiation on bleaching (see Shick et al. 1996; Lesser 2011), the significant interaction between BAUV and SST in contributing to coral bleaching was expected.”
Background
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Regoli, F., Nigro, M., Chierici, E., Cerrano, C., Schiapparelli, S., Totti, C., & Bavestrello, G. (2004) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.055 · Cited by 27
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Background
Effects of depth and ultraviolet radiation on coral reef turf algae
Fricke, A., Teichberg, M., Nugues, M. M., Beilfuss, S., & Bischof, K. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.017 · Cited by 23
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Background
Spatial variability of UVR attenuation and bio-optical factors in shallow coral-reef waters of Malaysia
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Background
Effects of ultraviolet radiation and water motion on the reef coral, Porites compressa Dana: a transplantation experiment
Kuffner, I. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(02)00031-x · Cited by 22
“Ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) is an ecologically important variable in marine ecosystems (Calkins and Thordardottir, 1980; Jokiel, 1980; Hader, 1993; Shick et al., 1996; Franklin and Forster, 1997).”
Background
Photobiological Aspects of the Mutualistic Association Between Paramecium bursaria and Chlorella
Sommaruga, R., & Sonntag, B. (2009) · Microbiology monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92677-1_5 · Cited by 22
“Most of our knowledge on the interaction between UVR and mutualistic associations is based on studies on algae–invertebrate symbiosis, particularly on scleractinian corals and their zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium ( Shick et al. 1996 ; Shick and Dunlap 2002) . Several studies have shown that UVR severely depre…”
Background
Stress Effects on Metabolism and Photosynthesis of Hermatypic Corals
Stambler, N., & Dubinsky, Z. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06414-6_9 · Cited by 22
Polysulphone film as an underwater dosimeter for solar ultraviolet-B radiation in tropical latitudes
Dunne, R. P. (1999) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps189053 · Cited by 18
“Differences in distribution of these pigments have been demonstrated between organisms, at different depths, and on differently oriented surfaces (Shick et al. 1996, Banaszak et al. 1998, Muszynski et al. 1998).”
Background
Heavy Metals in Scleractinian Corals
Shah, S. B. (2021) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73613-2 · Cited by 21
“…of the electromagnetic spectrum] have been associated in mass coral bleaching (Hoegh-Guldberg and Smith 1989; Brown et al. 1994; Fitt and Warner 1995; Shick et al. 1996; Brown 1997a, b; Lesser 1997, Brown et al. 1999; Dunne and Brown 2001; Coles and Brown 2003; Lesser 2004; Smith et al. 2005).”
Background
Changes in zooxanthellae characteristics in the coral Stylophora pistillata during the 1998 bleaching event
Kuroki, T., & van Woesik, R. (1999) · doi:10.3755/jcrs.1999.97 · Cited by 20
Severe Impact and Subsequent Recovery of a Coral Assemblage following the 1997–8 El Niño Event: A 17-Year Study from Bahia, Brazil
Kelmo, F., & Attrill, M. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065073 · Cited by 22
“These included reduced cloud cover and increased clarity of the water due to reduced land runoff, resulting in increased levels of solar radiation reaching the reefs, which has been reported to have negative effects on corals ([91,97,98,99] and many others).”
Physiological Adaptation to Symbiosis in Cnidarians
Furla, P., Richier, S., & Allemand, D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_12 · Cited by 26
“Their concentrations in animal and algal tissues increase when UVR intensities are experimentally enhanced (Shick et al. 1999), or when corals are transplanted from greater to shallower depths ( Shick et al. 1996 ).”
Background
Sublethal effects of ultraviolet radiation on crab larvae of Cyrtograpsus altimanus
Moresino, R. D. H., Gonçalves, R., & Helbling, E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.07.019 · Cited by 17
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on protein content, respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Antarctic plankton
Martínez, R. (2007) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0273-3 · Cited by 17
“An inconsistent eVect of UV radiation has been reported on respiration in free-living algae (Shick et al. 1996).”
Background
Somatic mutations and genome stability maintenance in clonal coral colonies
López, E. H., & Palumbi, S. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/799643 · Cited by 16
Response of fluorescence morphs of the mesophotic coral Euphyllia paradivisa to ultra-violet radiation
Ben‐Zvi, O., Eyal, G., & Loya, Y. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41710-3 · Cited by 16
Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in U.S. jurisdictions
Bradley, P., Fisher, W. S., Bell, H., Davis, W., Chan, V., Lobue, C., & Wiltse, W. (2009) · Environmental Monitoring & Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0670-2 · Cited by 16
“…2005) and Hawai’i (Jokiel et al. 2004) are being examined for potential integration with the RBP. Coral reefs, especially stony corals, are highly sensitive to elevated temperatures and solar radiation associated with global climate change (Shick et al. 1996; Wilkinson 1996; Barber et al. 2001).”
Background
Coral Symbiosis Under Stress
Stambler, N. (2010) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_10 · Cited by 16
Plasticity of protective mechanisms only partially explains interactive effects of temperature and UVR on upper thermal limits
Kern, P. L., Cramp, R. L., Seebacher, F., Kazerouni, E. G., & Franklin, C. E. (2015) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.007 · Cited by 16
“High temperatures and UVR exposure can also cause oxidative damage due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; Abele et al., 2002; Shick et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
UV‐EXCITED BLUE AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA MULTISERIES (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1
Orellana, M., Petersen, T., & van den Engh, G. (2004) · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03226.x · Cited by 15
“Mycosporine-like amino acids are small water-soluble components found in taxonomically diverse organisms, including cyanobacteria (Garcia-Pichel et al. 1993) eukaryotic algae, (Karentz et al. 1991, Hannach and Sigleo 1998, Whitehead and Vernet 2000), and marine invertebrates (Shick et al. 1996).”
Background
INFRASTRUCTURE AND CAPABILITIES OF A NEAR REAL-TIME METEOROLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC IN SITU INSTRUM
Hendee, J., Stabenau, E., Florit, L., Manzello, D., & Jeffris, C. (2006) · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3968-9_6 · Cited by 15
Giant clams in shallow reefs: UV-resistance mechanisms of Tridacninae in the Red Sea
Rossbach, S., Overmans, S., Kaidarova, A., Kosel, J., Agustí, S., & Duarte, C. (2020) · Coral reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-020-01968-w · Cited by 14
The Mesoamerican Reef
Gress, E., Voss, J., Eckert, R. J., Rowlands, G., & Andradi-Brown, D. (2019) · Coral Reefs of the World · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_5 · Cited by 14
Irradiance dependency of oxidative stress and coral bleaching
Lesser, M. (2024) · Coral reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-024-02545-1 · Cited by 13
“…work incorporating ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 290–400 nm) into experiments during the 1980’s and 1990’s, additional work incorporating UVR is almost non-existent despite the range of significant effects on the biology of corals (Shick et al. 1996; Banaszak and Lesser 2009; Downie et al. 2024).”
Self-citation
INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION IN TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT IN TEMPERATE BROWN ALGAE
Mannino, A. M., Vaglica, V., & Oddo, E. (2017) · Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale · doi:10.4081/jbr.2017.6578 · Cited by 13
Introduction to Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems
Abele, D., Vázquez-Medina, J., & Zenteno-Savín, T. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781444345988.ch · Cited by 13
Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis
Ben-Yosef, D., Kashman, Y., & Benayahu, Y. (2006) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00111.x · Cited by 13
Can Acropora tenuis larvae attract native Symbiodiniaceae cells by green fluorescence at the initial establishment of symbiosis?
Yamashita, H., Koike, K., Shinzato, C., Jimbo, M., & Suzuki, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252514 · Cited by 12
ATP‐binding cassette transporters protect sea urchin gametes and embryonic cells against the harmful effects of ultraviolet light
Leite, J. C. D. A., Boni, R., da Silva, S. G., Siqueira-Júnior, J. P., & Marques‐Santos, L. F. (2013) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.22283 · Cited by 13
“…gametes and embryos can be attributed to the presence of small-molecule antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids, ovothiols, and mycosporinelike amino acids, that prevent the damage induced by ROS generation (Adams and Shick, 2001; Dunlap and Yamamoto, 1995; Shick et al., 1996).”
Background
Monsoon variability of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) attenuation and bio-optical factors in the Asian tropical coral-reef waters
Mizubayashi, K., Kuwahara, V., Segaran, T., Zaleha, K., Effendy, A., Kushairi, M., & Toda, T. (2013) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.04.002 · Cited by 12
“Exposure to harmful UV-B (280e320 nm) in coral-reef ecosystems has been directly and indirectly implicated in coral bleaching, DNA damage and other negative effects to various marine organisms (Dykens et al., 1992; Gleason andWellington, 1993; Kühl et al., 1995; Lesser, 1996, 2004; Shick et al., 1996; Baker et al., 20…”
Background
Optimization of DNA Extraction from a Scleractinian Coral for the Detection of Thymine Dimers by Immunoassay†
Banaszak, A. T. (2007) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00083.x · Cited by 10
Changes in the Ultrastructures of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis after Exposure to High Temperature, Ultraviolet and Far-Red Radiation
Camaya, A. P., Sekida, S., & Okuda, K. (2016) · doi:10.1508/cytologia.81.465 · Cited by 11
“In addition, high irradiance to red light (Kinzie III et al. 1984, Kinzie III and Hunter 1987, Wijgerde et al. 2014) and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Lesser and Shick 1990, Gleason and Wellington 1993, Shick et al. 1996) significantly decrease both coral growth and zooxanthellae density.”
Background
Tropical coastal ecosystems and climate change Prediction: Global and local risks
Done, T., & Jones, R. N. (2006) · Coastal and estuarine studies · doi:10.1029/61ce03 · Cited by 16
UV Radiation Effects on Phytoplankton Primary Production: A Comparison Between Arctic and Antarctic Marine Ecosystems
Helbling, E., & Villafañe, V. (2002) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56075-0_10 · Cited by 11
Ultraviolet absorbance of the mucus of a tropical damselfish: effects of ontogeny, captivity and disease
Zamzow, J. P., & Siebeck, U. (2006) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01219.x · Cited by 10
“Following UV exposure, antioxidant enzymes remove free radicals (Shick et al., 1996; Cockell & Knowland, 1999; Shick & Dunlap, 2002) and other enzymes are able to repair DNA molecules after damage has occurred (Sancar, 1994; Shick & Dunlap, 2002; Sinha & Hader, 2002).”
Background
A characterization of clouds over the Great Barrier Reef and the role of local forcing
Zhao, W.-H., Huang, Y., Siems, S., & Manton, M. (2022) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.7660 · Cited by 9
A rapid in situ fluorescence census for coral reef monitoring
Ramesh, C., Koushik, S., Shunmugaraj, T., & Murthy, M. V. R. (2019) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100575 · Cited by 9
Susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation in Calanus finmarchicus and Lepeophtheirus salmonis and the adaptive value of external filtering (Crustacea: Copepoda)
Aarseth, K. A., & Schram, T. (2002) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/24.7.661 · Cited by 9
Wave exposure and temperature drive coral community structure at regional scale in the Cuban archipelago
Caballero-Aragón, H., Armenteros, M., Perera-Valderrama, S., Martell-Dubois, R., Rey-Villiers, N., la Cruz, L. R.-D., & Cerdeira-Estrada, S. (2022) · Coral reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-022-02308-w · Cited by 8
The Solar Ultraviolet Environment at the Ocean
Mobley, C., & Diffey, B. (2018) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12885 · Cited by 8
The possible effect of the bioaccumulation of disinfectant by-products on crops irrigated with treated wastewater
Akande, B. C., Ndakidemi, P., Fatoki, O., & Odendaal, J. (2010) · doi:10.5897/ajb10.041 · Cited by 8
“…factors including oxygen pressure, regime of light exposure, temperature, food availability, life stage or phase of reproductive cycle (Abele et al., 1998; Dykens and Shick, 1982; Lesser et al., 2001; Regoli et al., 2000; Shick et al., 1996; Vega and Pizarro, 2000; Winston and Di Giulio, 1991).”
Background
Ultra-Violet Radiation Has a Limited Impact on Seasonal Differences in the Acropora Muricata Holobiont
van de Water, J. A. J. M., Courtial, L., Houlbrèque, F., Jacquet, S., & Ferrier‐Pagès, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00275 · Cited by 7
“For example, variations in tissue content of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which protect corals from the deleterious effects of UVR (Shick et al., 1996; Shick and Dunlap, 2002) has been attributed to changes in UV exposure (Lesser and Lewis, 1996; Lesser, 2000), and severe bleaching has been linked to the conco…”
Background
Inferred calcification rate of a temperate azooxanthellate caryophylliid coral along a wide latitudinal gradient
Caroselli, E., Brambilla, V., Ricci, F., Mattioli, G., Levy, O., Falini, G., Dubinsky, Z., & Goffredo, S. (2016) · Coral reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1422-3 · Cited by 7
“Interest in the repercussions of SR on coral biology, physiology and ecology is increasing (Shick et al. 1996; Brown et al. 2000; Anthony and Kerswell 2007).”
Background
Mycosporine-like amino acids in azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate early developmental stages of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens
Ben-Yosef, D., Kashman, Y., & Benayahu, Y. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.11.010 · Cited by 7
The influence of UV radiation on number and ultrastructure of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the sea anemoneCereus pedunculatus (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
Hannack, K., Kestler, P., Sicken, O., & Westheide, W. (1998) · Helgoland Marine Research · doi:10.1007/bf02908729 · Cited by 6
Degrading windward patch reefs and processes influencing composition, mineralogy, and stable-isotope record of peri-reefal sediment, San Salvador Island, Bahamas
Husinec, A., Loree, P. E., & Murphy, J. T. (2019) · Facies · doi:10.1007/s10347-019-0583-2 · Cited by 6
Effect of vertical mixing on short-term mycosporine-like amino acid synthesis in the Antarctic diatom, Thalasiossira sp.
Hernando, M., Carreto, J., Carignan, M., & Ferreyra, G. (2012) · Scientia Marina · doi:10.3989/scimar.03203.16d · Cited by 6
“UV-absorbing compounds, especially mycosporinelike amino acids (MAAs), strongly absorb ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) in phytoplankton and macroalgae (Carreto et al. 1990a, Karsten et al. 1999; Shick et al. 1996).”
Background
Plasticity of Acquired Secondary Metabolites in Clathria prolifera (Demospongia: Poecilosclerida): Putative Photoprotective Role of Carotenoids in a Temperate Intertidal Sponge
Dattelbaum, J., Sieg, D., Manieri, C. M., Thomson, G., & Hill, M. (2010) · The Open Marine Biology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874450801004010087 · Cited by 6
“1874-4508/10 2010 Bentham Open Keywords: Sponge, secondary metabolites, carotenoids, Clathria prolifera, Chesapeake Bay.”
Influence of sublethal long-term UV irradiation on body mass, reproduction and behaviour of north European Actinia equina
Westholt, R., Kestler, P., Sicken, O., & Westheide, W. (1999) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315498000538 · Cited by 6
“Ultraviolet light has been shown to be a signi¢cant potential stressor for these organisms; for instance, the bleaching phenomenon (in corals) is increasingly being ascribed in part to an action of ultraviolet (Gleason & Wellington, 1993; Shick et al., 1996; Hannack et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResult
UV-B Impact on the Life of Aquatic Plants
Häder, D. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0221-0_7 · Cited by 6
Ultraviolet Radiation and Aquatic Microbial Ecosystems
Häder, D. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3486-7_6 · Cited by 6
Seasonal Variations in the Subsurface Ultraviolet‐B on an Inshore Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystem
Downs, N. J., Schouten, P. W., & Parisi, A. V. (2013) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12101 · Cited by 5
“It has been postulated that a higher UVB irradiance will likely result in the migration of sensitive coral species to deeper depths (2,34).”
Background
Temporal and Depth Variation of Photoprotective Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids in Soft Coral Species from the Eastern Red Sea Coast
Al-Otaibi, A., Al-Sofyani, A. A., Niaz, G., & Al-Lihaibi, S. (2006) · Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Marine Sciences · doi:10.4197/mar.17-1.10 · Cited by 5
“…solar exposure found in nature suggests that these compounds play an important role in the ultraviolet protection as this type of radiation has deleterious effect on the marine organisms, these include damage to DNA in the cells, oxidative stress, damage to lipids and proteins (Shick et al., 1996).”
Background
Uv-B Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
Worrest, R. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5585-8_5 · Cited by 5
Micro-CT analysis reveals porosity driven growth banding in Caribbean coral Siderastrea siderea
Vincent, J., & Sheldrake, T. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90125-w · Cited by 4
“Similarly, PAR decreased from 524.7 W m -2 at the surface to 150.4 and 67.9 W m -2 at 6 m and 15 m respectively 67 .”
Influential
Physiological response of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Pelagodinium béii to ultraviolet radiation: synthesis and accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids
Hoshihara, A. Y., Fujiki, T., Shigeoka, S., & Hirayama, M. (2022) · Symbiosis · doi:10.1007/s13199-022-00839-y · Cited by 3
Regulations concerning agriculture and air pollution.
Bertora, C., Alluvione, F., Zavattaro, L., & Grignani, C. (2010) · Italian Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.4081/ija.2010.79 · Cited by 3
Variation in Oxidative Stress Threats and Hormesis Across Environments
Costantini, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54663-1_3 · Cited by 3
Cnidarian–Dinoflagellate Symbiosis-Mediated Adaptation to Environmental Perturbations
Richier, S., Sabourault, C., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Merle, P., Furla, P., & Allemand, D. (2010) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_8 · Cited by 3

Authors: SHICK, J. M., LESSER, M. P., & JOKIEL, P. L.
Affiliations: University of Maine (US)
University of New Hampshire (US)
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
Corresponding author: SHICK, J. MALCOLM
ORCID: LESSER, MICHAEL P.
Venue: Global Change Biology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1996-12
Volume: 2
Issue: 6
Pages: 527-545
ISSN: 1354-1013 (ISSN-L)
1365-2486
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00065.x
OpenAlex: W2134447631
Cited by: 251
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 14.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3434 d)
Locations: Global Change Biology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal plant biology
Keywords: ultraviolet radiation, UV-B radiation, coral reefs, coral physiology, stratospheric ozone depletion, UVA, coral reef organisms, sublethal effects, global change, coral distribution, coral transplantation

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Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corals and other coral reef organisms

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