Grounded theory: a methodological spiral from positivism to postmodernism

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Situational and social world mapping techniques described by Clarke are very useful in conceptualising the ways in which grounded theory codes can fit together.

“While we found situational and social world mapping very useful, we were less successful in using positional maps.”

• Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain

  “We believe that the situational and social worlds mapping techniques described by Clarke are very useful in conceptualizing the ways in which grounded theory codes can fit together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An outcome of this grounded theory study was the researchers' increased awareness of how outside actors influenced participants in their constructions of mentoring.

“An outcome of this was our increased awareness of how outside actors influenced participants in their constructions of mentoring.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The researchers found situational and social world mapping very useful, but were less successful in using positional maps.

“While we found situational and social world mapping very useful, we were less successful in using positional maps which are a 'simplification strateg [y] for plotting positions articulated and not articulated in discourses' (Clarke 2005 p.86).”

• cites Clarke 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Early in the data generation and analysis phase of their study, situationally mapping the 120 codes generated from the first four interviews inspired a useful reconceptualisation of how this mass of codes could fit together and staved off analytical paralysis.

“Early in the data generation and analysis phase of our study we began experimenting with situationally mapping the 120 codes that had been generated from the first four interviews.”

• Also stated in: § Our experience of using situational analysis · plain

  “First, it inspired a useful reconceptualisation of how this mass of codes could fit together (as well as staving off the analytical paralysis that was threatening) (Clarke 2005).”

• cites Clarke 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Sharing an early version of the situational map with some participants during a second interview was very successful.

“On an impulse we also very successfully shared an early version of the situational map with some participants during a second interview.”

May combine two claims.

Sharing the situational map facilitated a new way of visualizing the researcher's current reconstructions of the interview data for participants, while continuing the cycle of co-construction during interview followed by researcher reconstruction during analysis.

“This facilitated a new way of visualizing the researcher's current reconstructions of the interview data for participants, while continuing the cycle of co construction during interview followed by researcher reconstruction during analysis.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Combining situational mapping and social worlds mapping with collective action framing allowed the researchers to explore the influence of collective voices on how participants framed mentoring and to ensure data saturation, while generating valuable richly detailed contextual data.

“Combining situational mapping and social worlds mapping with collective action framing allowed us to do this, while generating valuable richly detailed contextual data.”

May combine two claims.

Combining these methods raised the researchers' theoretical sensitivity and ability to think at a more abstract level while developing a theory about the experience of mentoring for Australian rural nurses.

“This raised our theoretical sensitivity and ability to think at a more abstract level while developing a theory about the experience of mentoring for Australian rural nurses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Concurrent data generation and analysis, and constant comparison of data-to-data, data-to-categories and category-to-category occurred, consistent with accepted grounded theory methods.

“Consistent with accepted grounded theory methods, concurrent data generation and analysis, and the constant comparison of data-to-data, data-to-categories and category-to-category occurred.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The form of grounded theory followed depends on a clarification of the nature of the relationship between researcher and participant, and on an explication of the field of what can be known.

“'The form of grounded theory followed depends on a clarification of the nature of the relationship between researcher and participant, and on an explication of the field of what can be known' (Mills et al. 2006b).”

• cites Mills et al. 2006bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theoretical sampling began after four interviews had been conducted.

“Theoretical sampling began after four interviews had been conducted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Situational analysis, as conceived by Adele Clarke, is designed to move the research methodology of grounded theory away from its traditional postpositivist roots and around the postmodern turn.

“Situational analysis, as conceived by Adele Clarke, is designed to move the research methodology of grounded theory away from its traditional postpositivist roots and around the postmodern turn.”

• cites ClarkeNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Collective action framing provides an alternative to analyzing positions in the literature.

“In retrospect we would now argue that collective action framing provides an alternative to analyzing such positions in the literature.”

• Also stated in: § Our experience of using situational analysis · hedged

  “In retrospect we would now argue that collective action framing provides an alternative to analyzing such positions in the literature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Constructivist grounded theory reflects the basic beliefs of constructivism as a paradigm of inquiry: ontologically relativist, epistemologically transactional, methodologically dialectical, with the researcher as a passionate participant and facilitator of multi-voice reconstruction.

“Constructivist grounded theory reflects the basic beliefs of constructivism as a paradigm of inquiry.Ontologically relativist, epistemologically transactional, methodologically dialectical, the researcher is a '”

• cites Lincoln and Guba 2005Not matched

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Strauss assumed that there is no one truth but that the external world is a symbolic representation, a symbolic universe, and that both this and the interior worlds are created and re-created through interaction, with no divide between external and interior world.

“Key to Strauss moving grounded theory around another methodological turn was his assumption that there is no one truth but that 'the external world is a symbolic representation, a”

• cites Strauss 1993Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Clarke uses three types of maps during this process: situational, social world and positional, in combination with discourse analysis.

“Clarke uses three types of maps during this process: situational, social world and positional, in combination with discourse analysis.”

• cites ClarkeNot matched

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May combine two claims.

Constructivist grounded theory has its roots in the work of Anselm Strauss and has evolved through his work with Juliet Corbin, exemplified by techniques to enhance theoretical sensitivity, treatment of the literature as additional source of data, axial coding, the conditional/consequential matrix, complex diagramming and use of a storyline to identify the core category.

“We believe that constructivist grounded theory has its roots in the work of Anselm Strauss and has evolved through his work with Juliet Corbin, exemplified by their use of techniques to enhance theoretical sensitivity, the treatment of the literature as additional source of data, axial coding, the conditional/consequential matrix, complex diagramming and the use of a storyline to identify the core”

• cites Mills et al. 2006bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Traditional grounded theory is positivistic/post positivistic in intent, with researchers believing that theory will emerge from the data that they collect.

“Traditional grounded theory is positivistic/post positivistic in intent (Lincoln and Guba 2005 p.193-196), with researchers believing that theory will emerge from the data that they collect.”

• cites Lincoln and Guba 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Collective action framing is particularly suitable for researchers who locate themselves within a constructivist paradigm and who are unwilling to reject the notion of human agency and the ability for individuals to shape their world in some way.

“This is particularly so for researchers who locate themselves within a constructivist paradigm, and who are therefore unwilling to reject the notion of human agency and the ability for individuals to shape their world in some way.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humans have agency to construct and reconstruct their own realities while influenced by discourse and context.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Conditional matrixes trace, through the researcher's reconstructions, the conditional paths that shape the action apparent in the data being analyzed.

“Conditional matrixes trace, through the researcher's reconstructions, the conditional paths that shape the action apparent in the data being analyzed (Strauss and Corbin 1990).”

• cites Strauss and Corbin 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Foucauldian scholars understand individuals to be constructed of and through discourse.

“Foucauldian scholars understand individuals to be constructed of and through discourse.”

• cites Scheurich and McKenzie 2005Not matched

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Clarke pushes grounded theory around the postmodern turn and away from a constructivist paradigm of inquiry.

“It is at this point that Clarke pushes grounded theory around the postmodern turn and away from a constructivist paradigm of inquiry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Incorporating the literature as a secondary source of data during the concurrent data generation and analysis phase of a grounded theory study is one way to account for the influence of context.

“This method to incorporate the literature as a secondary source of data during the concurrent data generation and analysis phase of a grounded theory study is one way to account for the influence of context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Individuals' or participants' framing of the phenomena of interest can be teased out to clearly locate their constructions in the social world in which they form their own realities.

“Individuals/participants' framing of the phenomena of interest can be teased out to clearly locate their constructions in the social world in which they form their own realities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Clarke discusses three approaches in the design of a situational analysis study, while primarily using the third option in her own work.

“Drawing upon the work of Jaworski and Coupland (1999), Clarke discusses three approaches in the design of a situational analysis study, while primarily using the third option in her own work.”

• cites Jaworski and Coupland 1999Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Clarke argues for an approach to data analysis that reflects a concern with how discourses are produced and how we are constituted through them.

“Finding points of articulation between Strauss and Foucault -discourses/discipline and social worlds/arenas; the field of practice(s) and negotiated/processual ordering; and the gaze and perspective - Clarke (2005) argues for an approach to data analysis that reflects a concern with 'how discourses are produced and how we are constituted through them'.”

• cites Clarke 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strauss conceptualized social worlds as contested arenas where negotiation and realignment take place as a matter of course in the quest for collective agreement and action.

“This fits well with Strauss' conceptualization that social worlds are contested arenas where negotiation and realignment take place as a matter of course in the quest for collective agreement and action.”

• cites StraussNot matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Researchers reconstruct data into a theory that they themselves must own, while simultaneously grounding it through the use of active codes reflective of participants' words.

“Researchers reconstruct data into a theory that they themselves must own, while simultaneously grounding it through the use of active codes (Charmaz 2006) reflective of participants' words.”

• cites Charmaz 2006Not matched

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Clarke encourages grounded theorists to view her work as analytic tools that can be used on their own with discourse data and/or along with and complementing other theoretic and analytic approaches.

“Clarke encourages grounded theorists to view her work as 'analytic tools that can be used on their own with discourse data and/or along with and complementing other theoretic and analytic approaches' (Clarke, 2005, p. 146).”

• cites Clarke, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When undertaking each core framing task, frame analysis allows for a deeper examination of the influential discourses and negotiations within social worlds through the dual processes of articulation and amplification.

“When undertaking each of these core tasks, frame analysis allows for a deeper examination of the influential discourses and negotiations within social worlds through the dual processes of articulation and amplification.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each of these forms of contestation reshapes and reforms the collective action frame in an ongoing cycle of reflection and renegotiation.

“Each of these forms of contestation reshapes and reforms the collective action frame in an ongoing cycle of reflection and renegotiation.”

• cites Benford and SnowNot matched

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This turn to the postmodern relies upon discourse analysis as a research methodology that examines how texts work to influence socio cultural practice.

“This turn to the postmodern relies upon discourse analysis as a research methodology that examines how texts work to influence socio cultural practice (Crowe 2005).”

• cites Crowe 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors were left searching for an analytic method or heuristic that recognized an individual's ability to shape their world.

“Rather we were left searching for an analytic method or heuristic that recognized an individual's ability to shape their world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In her reworking of the analytical processes of an evolving grounded theory, Clarke moves beyond drawing solely upon Strauss as underpinned by symbolic interactionism.

“In her reworking of the analytical processes of an evolving grounded theory, Clarke moves beyond drawing solely upon the work of Strauss as underpinned by symbolic interactionism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Constructivist scholars differ on the notion of agency, taking their primary field of interest to be subjective and intersubjective social knowledge and the active construction and cocreation of such knowledge by human agents produced by human consciousness.

“Constructivist scholars differ on this notion of agency 'tak[ing] their primary field of interest to be precisely that subjective and intersubjective social knowledge and the active construction and cocreation of such knowledge by human agents that is produced by human consciousness' (Lincoln and Guba 2005 p.203).”

• cites Lincoln and Guba 2005Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Frames provide a way in which individuals' perceptions of issues are aligned in order to promote action and change.

“Frames provide a way in which individuals' (who are members of particular social worlds) perceptions of issues are aligned in order to promote action and change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Collective action framing has been widely applied in the social sciences, particularly by symbolic interactionists.

“Collective action framing 'makes sense of events in ways that highlight a collective set of values, beliefs, and goals for some sort of change' (Martin, 2003, p. 733), and has been widely applied in the social sciences, particularly by symbolic interactionists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Strauss postulates social worlds as the interactions between individual actors and collective groups of actors and how these can be understood in relation to their ability to negotiate, contest and align positions on issues of importance.

“In saying this, Strauss postulates social worlds as the interactions between individual actors and collective groups of actors (often represented by individuals) and how these can be understood in relation to their ability to negotiate, contest and align positions on issues of importance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Strauss and Corbin argue that the literature can be used as a secondary source of data and include descriptive materials concerning events, actions, setting and actors' perspective that can be used as data and analyzed.

“Strauss and Corbin provide some guidance for this eventuality when they argue that the literature can be used as a secondary source of data and include 'descriptive materials concerning events, actions, setting and actors' perspective that can be used as data and analyzed' (Strauss and Corbin 1998 p.58).”

• cites Strauss and Corbin 1998Not matched

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The majority of researchers draw upon three core conceptual articles produced by David Snow and Robert Benford in the 1980s and early 1990s.

“The majority of researchers draw upon three core conceptual articles produced by David Snow and Robert Benford in the 1980s and early 1990s (Creed, Scully & Austin, 2002).”

• cites Creed, Scully & Austin 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three core tasks make up the process of collective action framing: identifying how and when actors diagnose the problem, articulate a prognosis or proposed solution to the problem, and motivate action.

“Three core tasks make up the process of collective action framing, namely identifying how and when actors diagnose the problem, articulate a prognosis or a proposed solution to the problem, and motivate action or move 'people from the balcony to the barricades' (Benford & Snow, 2000, p. 615).”

• cites Benford & Snow 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Symbolic interactionists have developed theories of social worlds since the early Chicago tradition, heavily influenced by the thinking of George Mead.

“Symbolic interactionists have developed theories of social worlds since the early Chicago tradition, heavily influenced by the thinking of George Mead (Strauss 1993).”

• cites Strauss 1993Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Meeting the challenge of reconstructing data into an owned theory while grounding it through active codes implies the development of reciprocity between participants and the researcher and the explication of power imbalances in these relationships.

“Implicit in meeting this challenge is the development of reciprocity between participants and the researcher and the explication of power imbalances in these relationships (Mills et al. 2006a).”

• cites Mills et al. 2006aNot matched

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In healthcare research, frame analysis is often used to dissect the production of frames by the media about particular public health issues such as smoking and breast cancer.

“In healthcare research, frame analysis is often used to dissect the production of frames by the media about particular public health issues such as smoking and breast cancer (Kolker, 2004;Wakefield, McLeod & Clegg Smith, 2003).”

• cites Kolker 2004Not matched

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• cites Wakefield, McLeod & Clegg Smith 2003Not matched

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Goffman emphasized that it was not his intent to address the structure of social life but the structure of experience individuals have at any moment of their social lives.

“He emphasized that in doing this it was not his intent to address 'the structure of social life but the structure of experience individuals have at any moment of their social lives' (Goffman, 1974, p. 13).”

• cites Goffman 1974Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Strauss argues that social structure and interaction are intimately linked and reciprocally affect each other over time, and that structure itself is shaped by actors through interaction.

“In a revised introduction to Mirrors and Masks, Strauss argues that 'social structure and interaction are intimately linked, and also reciprocally affect each other (again) over time.This is a temporal view not merely of interaction but of structure itself, the latter shaped by actors through interaction' (Strauss 1958(Strauss /1997 p.7) p.7).”

• cites Strauss 1958/1997Not matched

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Frame analysis gained currency as an analytic imperative in symbolic interactionism through Goffman's Frame Analysis (1974).

“Frame analysis gained currency as an analytic imperative in symbolic interactionism through Goffman's key work, Frame Analysis (1974), in which he wrote about how individuals (such as the participants in this study) organized their experiences through the identification of schemas or frames of interpretation.”

• cites Goffman 1974Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Social worlds are the principle affiliative mechanisms through which people organize social life; society as a whole can be conceptualized as consisting of layered mosaics of social worlds and arenas.

“Rather, social worlds are the 'principle affiliative mechanisms through which people organize social life.Insofar as it meaningfully exists, society as a whole, then, can be conceptualized as consisting of layered mosaics of social worlds and arenas' (Clarke, 2005, p. 46; emphasis added).”

• cites Clarke 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In their review of collective action framing, Benford and Snow found that each of the core tasks needs to be considered through a lens that shows framing to be a contested process.

“Benford and Snow found in their review of collective action framing that each of the core tasks needs to be considered through a lens that shows framing to be a contested process.”

• cites Benford and SnowNot matched

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Goffman wrote about how individuals organize their experiences through the identification of schemas or frames of interpretation.

“Frame analysis gained currency as an analytic imperative in symbolic interactionism through Goffman's key work, Frame Analysis (1974), in which he wrote about how individuals (such as the participants in this study) organized their experiences through the identification of schemas or frames of interpretation.”

• cites Goffman 1974Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Situational analysis provides tools to draw together studies of discourse and agency, action and structure, image, text and context, history and the present moment to analyze complex situations of inquiry broadly conceived.

“Situational analysis provides us with the tools to be able to 'draw together studies of discourse and agency, action and structure, image, text and context, history and the present moment -to analyze complex situations of inquiry broadly conceived' (Clarke 2005 p.xxii).”

• cites Clarke 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The perspective of negotiated order stresses that one of the principle ways things get accomplished is through people negotiating with one another, and it takes the theoretical position that both individual action and organisational constraint can be comprehended by understanding the nature and context of those negotiations.

“This perspective of negotiated order stresses that 'one of the principle ways that things get accomplished … is through people negotiating with one another, and it takes the theoretical position that both individual action and organisational constraint can be comprehended by understanding the nature and context of those negotiations' (Maines & Charleton, cited in Strauss, 1993, p. 249).”

• cites Maines & Charleton, cited in Strauss, 1993Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Arenas are defined as interaction by social worlds around issues where actions concerning those are debated, fought out, negotiated, manipulated, and even coerced within and among the social worlds.

“Arenas are defined as the 'interaction by social worlds around issues -where actions concerning those are being debated, fought out, negotiated, manipulated, and even coerced within and among the social worlds' (Strauss, 1993, p. 226).”

• cites Strauss 1993Not matched

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Benford and Snow identified four main strategic alignment processes in the collective framing literature: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension, and frame transformation.

“Benford and Snow identified four main strategic alignment processes in the collective framing literature.”

• cites Benford & Snow 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The third approach in situational analysis design is concerned with producing power/knowledge, ideologies and control through discourse, and lends itself to a Foucauldian approach to the analysis of such discourses.

“The third option is concerned with producing power/knowledge, ideologies and control through discourse, and as such lends itself to a Foucauldian approach to the analysis of such discourses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One Australian study by Lloyd and Hawe (2003) uses Entman's analytical heuristic to identify how a variety of health professionals, including nurses, frame the problem of post-natal depression.

“One Australian study by Lloyd and Hawe (2003) uses Entman's analytical heuristic to identify how a variety of health professionals, including nurses, frame the problem of post-natal depression.”

• cites Lloyd and Hawe 2003Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Collective action framing makes sense of events in ways that highlight a collective set of values, beliefs, and goals for some sort of change.

“Collective action framing 'makes sense of events in ways that highlight a collective set of values, beliefs, and goals for some sort of change' (Martin, 2003, p. 733), and has been widely applied in the social sciences, particularly by symbolic interactionists.”

• cites Martin 2003Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Discourses present in individuals' lives are influential in such realignments of perceptions.

“Influential in such realignments are the discourses that are present in their lives.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Anselm Strauss and Barney Glaser conceptualized the original form of grounded theory, called traditional grounded theory, which anchors the paper's metaphor of a methodological spiral.

“Anselm Strauss and Barney Glaser (1967) conceptualized the original form of grounded theory, a form we call traditional grounded theory, which anchors our metaphor of a methodological spiral.”

• cites Strauss and Glaser 1967Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Benford and Snow have performed a retrospective assessment of the dissemination of work produced under the label of collective action framing, and have clarified and reiterated the original core framing tasks and how these are developed, generated, elaborated and finally diffused.

“Benford and Snow have since performed a retrospective assessment of the dissemination of work that has been produced under the label of collective action framing.At the same time they have been able to clarify and reiterate the original core framing tasks and how these are developed, generated, elaborated and finally diffused (Benford & Snow, 2000).”

• cites Benford & Snow 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As constructivists, the researchers were methodologically less concerned with how the texts that constituted discourse about the problem of workforce were shaped, and more concerned with how changing conditions bearing on interaction lead to changing objects, meanings, and social universes.

“As constructivists we were methodologically less concerned with how the texts that constituted discourse about the problem of workforce were shaped.”

• cites Strauss 1993Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Contestations in collective action framing generally take the form of counter-framing, disputes within movements, and, for movements that demonstrate public shows of alignment, differences between collective action frames and collective action events.

“Contestations in collective action framing generally take the form of counter-framing, disputes within movements, and, for movements that demonstrate public shows of alignment, differences between collective action frames and collective action events.”

• cites Benford and SnowNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Situational analysis has provided a breakthrough for constructivist grounded theorists by providing tools for the researcher to use in visually opening up the field of inquiry, illustrating participants' social worlds and their arenas of negotiation.

“Situational analysis has provided a breakthrough for constructivist grounded theorists by providing tools for the researcher to use in visually opening up the field of inquiry -illustrating participants' social worlds and their arenas of negotiation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Constructivist grounded theory explicitly addresses such concerns through its reformulation of research relationships and its emphasis on making the researcher visible and their theory about the area of interest redolent of the participants words.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

For constructivist grounded theorists, how the discourses produced by others influence participants' constructions of reality is an important question to be addressed.

“For constructivist grounded theorists, how the discourses produced by others influence participants' constructions of reality is an important question to be addressed.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Constructivist grounded theory explicitly addresses such concerns through its reformulation of research relationships and its emphasis on making the researcher visible and their theory about the area of interest redolent of the participants words.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Frame analysis, in particular collective action framing, is a useful analytical heuristic to use in conjunction with situational and social world maps.

“Following on from this frame analysis -in particular collective action framing -is a useful analytical heuristic to use in conjunction with situational and social world maps.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Constructivist grounded theory explicitly addresses such concerns through its reformulation of research relationships and its emphasis on making the researcher visible and their theory about the area of interest redolent of the participants words.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

To do otherwise would result in a theory that did not sufficiently account for context and so would be sadly incomplete.

“To do otherwise would result in a theory that did not sufficiently account for context and so would be sadly incomplete.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Constructivist grounded theory explicitly addresses such concerns through its reformulation of research relationships and its emphasis on making the researcher visible and their theory about the area of interest redolent of the participants words.