Cited by 932Marine and fisheries researchMarine animal studies overviewCoral and Marine Ecosystems Studies

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Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances

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Baum, Julia K., Worm, Boris·2009·Journal of Animal Ecology

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x

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Abstract

1. Top-down control can be an important determinant of ecosystem structure and function, but in oceanic ecosystems, where cascading effects of predator depletions, recoveries, and invasions could be significant, such effects had rarely been demonstrated until recently. 2. Here we synthesize the evidence for oceanic top-down control that has emerged over the last decade, focusing on large, high trophic-level predators inhabiting continental shelves, seas, and the open ocean. 3. In these ecosystems, where controlled manipulations are largely infeasible, 'pseudo-experimental' analyses of predator-prey interactions that treat independent predator populations as 'replicates', and temporal or spatial contrasts in predator populations and climate as 'treatments', are increasingly employed to help disentangle predator effects from environmental variation and noise. 4. Substantial reductions in marine mammals, sharks, and piscivorous fishes have led to mesopredator and invertebrate predator increases. Conversely, abundant oceanic predators have suppressed prey abundances. Predation has also inhibited recovery of depleted species, sometimes through predator-prey role reversals. Trophic cascades have been initiated by oceanic predators linking to neritic food webs, but seem inconsistent in the pelagic realm with effects often attenuating at plankton. 5. Top-down control is not uniformly strong in the ocean, and appears contingent on the intensity and nature of perturbations to predator abundances. Predator diversity may dampen cascading effects except where nonselective fisheries deplete entire predator functional groups. In other cases, simultaneous exploitation of predator and prey can inhibit prey responses. Explicit consideration of anthropogenic modifications to oceanic foodwebs should help inform predictions about trophic control. 6. Synthesis and applications. Oceanic top-down control can have important socio-economic, conservation, and management implications as mesopredators and invertebrates assume dominance, and recovery of overexploited predators is impaired. Continued research aimed at integrating across trophic levels is needed to understand and forecast the ecosystem effects of changing oceanic predator abundances, the relative strength of top-down and bottom-up control, and interactions with intensifying anthropogenic stressors such as climate change.

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“Moreover, they play an important ecological role in shaping the marine food web by removing weak and sick organisms (Myers et al., 2007; Heithaus et al., 2008; Baum and Worm, 2009; Heupel et al., 2014).”
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A first overview of open access digital data for the Ross Sea: complexities, ethics, and management opportunities
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“The removal of species, specifically top predators, leaves big ecological impacts (Baum & Worm, 2009; Ainley et al., 2006, 2009b).”
Background
Dietary composition and prey selectivity of juvenile porcupine rays Urogymnus asperrimus.
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Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 60
Hawkins, S. J., Lemasson, A. J., Allcock, A. L., Bates, A. E., Byrne, M., Evans, A., Firth, L. B., Marzinelli, E. M., Russell, B. D., Sharples, J., et al. (2022) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003288602 · Cited by 9
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“Elasmobranchs are considered a fundamental element in the trophic chain of marine environments [27,28].”
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The effect of prey abundance and fisheries on the survival, reproduction, and social structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) at subantarctic Marion Island
Jordaan, R. K., Oosthuizen, W. C., Reisinger, R. R., & de Bruyn, P. J. N. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10144 · Cited by 9
“…(or in some cases population increases; Kitchell et al., 2006) can have far-reaching ecosystem impacts through cascading top-down processes, it is important to understand what environmental and anthropogenic factors regulate their population dynamics (Baum & Worm, 2009; Heithaus et al., 2008).”
Applying complementary species vulnerability assessments to improve conservation strategies in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
Kaplan, K. A., Montero‐Serra, I., Pita., E. L. V., Sullivan, P. J., Suárez, E., & Vinueza, L. R. (2014) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0679-5 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore the loss of species due to fishing can have cascading effects on the ecosystem as a whole (Baum and Worm 2009; Myers and Worm 2003), which threatens biodiversity and the ecological integrity of marine ecosystems (Duffy 2003; Le Quesne and Jennings 2011; Worm et al. 2006).”
Background
The Value of Taxon-focused Science: 30 Years of Elasmobranchs in Biological Research and Outreach
Ferry, L. A., & Shiffman, D. S. (2014) · Copeia · doi:10.1643/ot-14-044 · Cited by 9
“…AND MANY SPECIES ARE IN DANGER OF EXTINCTION, JUSTIFYING A TAXON-SPECIFIC APPROACH TO RESEARCH Many elasmobranchs are apex predators in their ecosystem (Cortes, 1999), and population declines have been associated with trophic cascades in several ecosystems (reviewed in Baum and Worm, 2009).”
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Identifying habitat-driven spatial variation in colony size of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus
O’Hanlon, N. J., & Nager, R. G. (2018) · Bird Study · doi:10.1080/00063657.2018.1518970 · Cited by 9
“Alternatively, spatial variation in population trends between different populations can provide a ‘pseudoexperimental’ approach that treats spatial contrasts in population trajectories as ‘treatments’ (Baum & Worm 2009).”
Background
Re-examining trophic dead ends: stable isotope values link gelatinous zooplankton to leatherback turtles in the California Current
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“Within food webs, top predators can perform critical functions, such as regulating populations of prey through top-down processes (Estes & Duggins 1995, Pace et al. 1999, Baum & Worm 2009).”
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“…for all considered periods, with or without climate change, we found that a global increase in fishing mortality would be beneficial to small pelagic species, and thus to total catches, due to the release of predation by species at the top of the food chain (Baum & Worm 2009, Steneck 2012).”
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“…opportunistic, specialized, or generalized), elasmobranchs are very important to ensure stability in structure and function of marine communities (Cortés, 1999; Baum and Worm, 2009; Myers et al., 2007; Jacobsen and Bennett, 2013; Munroe et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2016; Yokoi et al., 2017).”
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Tracking cod diet preference over a century in the northern Gulf of Maine: historic data and modern analysis
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Background
Potential Impact of Mediterranean Aquaculture on the Wild Predatory Bluefish
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“…apex predator that plays a key role in maintaining biodiversity in the ecosystem, and its population size is also dependent on habitat conditions such as prey species population and competing species and/or individuals (Sergio et al. 2008; Baum & Worm 2009; Lovari et al. 2009, Jackson et al. 2010).”
Background
Trophic and functional cascades in tropical versus temperate aquatic microcosms
Marta Coll, M., & Hargadon, K. (2011) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10452-011-9381-9 · Cited by 8
“There is ample evidence for strong trophic cascades in temperate and high latitude ecosystems (Frank et al. 2006, 2007; Knowlton and Jackson 2008; Baum and Worm 2009), but see Duffy (2003).”
BackgroundMethod
Role, importance and vulnerability of top predators on the Great Barrier Reef: a review
Ceccarelli, D. M., & Ayling, T. (2010) · GBRMPA ELibrary (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) · Cited by 8
Best practices for catch-and-release shark angling: current scientific understanding and future research
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Corresponding planktivore and predator spatial distributions in an oceanic coral reef system
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“This is contrary to top-down predator control theory which, despite being common in food web ecology, is not consistent in the marine environment (Baum and Worm 2009).”

Authors: Baum, J. K., & Worm, B.
Affiliations: Dalhousie University (CA)
Corresponding author: Baum, Julia K.
ORCID: Baum, Julia K.
Worm, Boris
Venue: Journal of Animal Ecology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-06-04
Volume: 78
Issue: 4
Pages: 699-714
ISSN: 0021-8790 (ISSN-L)
1365-2656
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x
OpenAlex: W2132556874
Cited by: 932
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 4.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Animal Ecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
Keywords: top-down control, trophic cascades, predator abundance, marine mammals, sharks, piscivorous fish, mesopredator release, invertebrate predators, predator-prey interactions, role reversal, predator recovery, fisheries depletion, predator diversity, bottom-up control, food webs, climate change, marine conservation
MeSH terms: Animals, Oceans and Seas, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, Time Factors, Food Chain

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Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances

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