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General practitioners as supervisors in postgraduate clinical education: an integrative review

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Wearne, Susan, Dornan, Tim, Teunissen, Pim W, Skinner, Timothy·2012·Medical Education

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04348.x

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Abstract

Medical Education 2012: 46 : 1161–1173 Context General practice supervisors are said to serve as the cornerstones of general practice postgraduate education and therefore it is important to clearly define their roles and what makes them effective. The commonly used definition of a supervisor is not primarily based on general practice and does not cover aspects predicted to be important according to work‐based learning theory. Methods We searched for papers published between 1991 and 2011 inclusive, categorised them according to whether they provided empirical evidence, descriptions or recommendations, open‐coded the empirical evidence, and used the resulting coding scheme as an analytic framework within which to present a narrative summary of findings. Results Recommendations and descriptions far outweighed empirical evidence, which showed how supervisors intertwined clinical and educational activities and formed educational alliances with resident doctors that provided a foundation for learning. Residents needed a balance of challenge, usually provided by patients, and support, provided by supervisors. Supervisors established learning environments, assessed residents' learning needs, facilitated learning, monitored the content and process of learning and the well‐being of residents, and summarised learning in ways that turned ‘know that’ into ‘know how’. Conclusions General practice must be expert in ensuring patients are well cared for ‘by proxy’ and in giving residents just the right amount of support they need to face the challenges posed by those patients. As general practice responds to contemporary clinical demands and rising numbers of undergraduate medical students, it is essential that the ability of general practice supervisors to develop and sustain supportive supervisory relationships with residents is preserved.

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Additional file 1 of Enabling uptake and sustainability of supervision roles by women GPs in Australia: a narrative analysis of interviews
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Additional file 1 of The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Rothlind, E., Fors, U., Salminen, H., Wändell, P. E., & Ekblad, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11972349
Additional file 5 of The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Rothlind, E., Fors, U., Salminen, H., Wändell, P. E., & Ekblad, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11972367
Additional file 4 of The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Rothlind, E., Fors, U., Salminen, H., Wändell, P., & Ekblad, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11972364
Additional file 3 of The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Rothlind, E., Fors, U., Salminen, H., Wändell, P. E., & Ekblad, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11972358
Additional file 2 of The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Rothlind, E., Fors, U., Salminen, H., Wändell, P. E., & Ekblad, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11972352
Additional file 2 of Learning in a real-life escape room: an explorative study on the supervisory relationship in GP residency during the COVID-19 pandemic
Meljes, I., Slootweg, I. A., Nierkens, V., van den Bogaard, M., & Kramer, A. W. M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22618985
Additional file 1 of Positioning, power and agency in postgraduate primary care supervision: a study of trainee narratives
Jackson, D., Brady, J., & Dawkins, D. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24585955

Authors: Wearne, S., Dornan, T., Teunissen, P. W., & Skinner, T.
Affiliations: Flinders University (AU)
Maastricht University (NL)
University of Tasmania (AU)
Corresponding author: Wearne, Susan
ORCID: Wearne, Susan
Dornan, Tim
Teunissen, Pim W
Skinner, Timothy
Venue: Medical Education
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-11-21
Volume: 46
Issue: 12
Pages: 1161-1173
ISSN: 0308-0110 (ISSN-L)
1365-2923
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04348.x
OpenAlex: W2135984742
Cited by: 105
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 0.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl
Licence: other-oa
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Medical Education (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal Disorders and Rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
Keywords: general practice residency, work-based learning, supervisory relationship, learning environment, educational alliances, resident well-being
MeSH terms: Education, Medical, Continuing, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Organization and Administration, Physician's Role, General Practitioners

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General practitioners as supervisors in postgraduate clinical education: an integrative review

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