Renal Anatomy of the Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): An Overview
Abstract
The adult kidney of Choeropsis liberiensis is 74.8% cortex and 22.9% medulla. The neonatal cortex is relatively less. A single kidney has about 3 x 10(6) glomeruli. These form 5% of renal mass in the adult but more so in neonates. The primary tubus maximus, TM1, follows the lateral curvature of the kidney. It gives off, toward the hilum, dorso-ventrally paired secondary tubi maximi, TM2. The tubi are a single layer of high cuboidal epithelium from which terminal collecting ducts arise throughout the surrounding inner medulla. The cranial and caudal limbs of TM1 open at a diminutive pelvis which receives a small papilla in continuity with TM1. The medulla is continuous although variably distorted by folds of cortex at the lateral curvature of the kidney. The renal lobes project toward the medial border and consist of cortex, medulla and TM2. The lobar cortex is continuous with the common cortex of the lateral curvature. The kidney, although strongly lobed, has no infundibula or rencules. A main peripheral vein courses medial and parallel to TM1. It is apparently a modified large arcuate vein and receives arcuate and interlobar tributaries. At the level of the papilla it joins the main renal vein. The arterial supply is mainly by interlobar arteries but there are also sizeable external perforator arteries which branch from the main renal artery and perforate the cortex of lobes about the hilum. The source of the arteries is illustrated.
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The two kidneys equal 0.22% of body mass in the adult and 0.51-0.63% of body mass in the newborn C. liberiensis.
“The two kidneys equal 0.22% of body mass in the adult and 0.51-0.63% of body mass in the newborn (Maluf 1994).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
The kidneys of an adult C. liberiensis are about 75% cortex and 23% medulla; the remaining 2% are the branched tubus maximus and the relatively small renal pelvis.
“The kidneys of an adult C. liberiensis are about 75% cortex and 23% medulla; the remaining 2% are the branched tubus maximus and the relatively small renal pelvis (Maluf 1994).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
Each kidney of C. liberiensis is supplied with cranial and caudal renal arteries that branch into several perforating arteries, which in turn supply their respective lobes.
“Each kidney is supplied with cranial and caudal renal arteries that branch into several perforating arteries, which in turn supply their respective lobes (Maluf 1978;1994).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
Branching of the tubus maximus and the absence of renculi within a lobed kidney are features found only in hippopotamids, making their renal anatomy unique among the Artiodactyla.
“Branching of the tubus maximus and the absence of renculi within a lobed kidney are features found only in hippopotamids, making their renal anatomy unique among the Artiodactyla (Maluf 1994).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
Instead of infundibula and renculi, the lobes of C. liberiensis kidneys are projections like the fingers of a hand; each kidney has 17-25 lobes.
“Instead, the lobes are projections like the fingers of a hand; each kidney has 17-25 lobes (Maluf 1978(Maluf , 1994)).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
Each kidney of C. liberiensis has about three times 10^6 glomeruli; however, the total length of the tubule, including the Loop of Henle, is only 6.8 mm.
“Each kidney has about three times 10 6 glomeruli (Maluf 1994); however, the total length of the tubule, including the Loop of Henle, is only 6.8 mm (Maluf 1978).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
The large number of short nephrons in C. liberiensis is believed to have allowed the evolution of a bigger animal, albeit with a limited ability to produce concentrated urine.
“The large number of short nephrons is believed to have allowed the evolution of a bigger animal, albeit with a limited ability to produce concentrated urine (Maluf 1978(Maluf , 1994)).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
The kidney of an adult C. liberiensis is about 133 mm long by 92 mm wide with a thickness of 33 mm.
“The kidney of an adult is about 133 mm long by 92 mm wide with a thickness of 33 mm (Maluf 1994).”
From Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) (2019) · cites this paper as Maluf 1994
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Flacke, G. L., Chambers, B. K., Martin, G. B., & Paris, M. C. J. (2015) · Der Zoologische Garten · doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2015.07.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Flacke, G. L., & Decher, J. (2019) · Mammalian Species · doi:10.1093/mspecies/sez017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anatomy and histology of the stomach in a newborn pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis)
Endo, H., Sasaki, M., Kogiku, H., Hayashi, Y., Komiya, T., Narushima, E., Arishima, K., & Yamamoto, M. (2001) · Mammal Study · doi:10.3106/mammalstudy.26.53 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maluf, N. S. R.
- Corresponding author
- Maluf, N. S. R.
- Venue
- Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 189-206
- ISSN
- 0300-8649 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-2096
- 1439-0264
- OpenAlex
- W1963605546
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anatomia Histologia Embryologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Keywords
- Choeropsis liberiensis, renal anatomy, renal cortex, renal medulla, glomeruli, renal papilla, renal pelvis, renal vein, renal artery, renal blood supply, neonatal kidney
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Arteries, Artiodactyla, Female, Kidney, Ureter, Veins
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