Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rarely there are three total mandibular incisors instead of the single pair in C. liberiensis.

“Rarely there are three total mandibular incisors instead of the single pair (Johnston 1906).”

• cites Johnston 1906 sourceCould not verify

  The available copy’s passages on Liberian fauna, including the discussion near p. 89, do not address the number of mandibular incisors in C. liberiensis. Searches for the species, pygmy hippopotamus, and incisors found no relevant passage; the copy is truncated, so the decisive description may be missing. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies and comparative morphological analyses support Hippopotamidae and Cetacea as forming a monophyletic group.

“Recent molecular phylogenetic studies and comparative morphological analyses have supported Hippopotamidae and Cetacea as forming a monophyletic group (Shimamura et al. 1997;Nomura et al. 1998;Ursing and Arnason 1998;Nomura and Yasue 1999;Geisler and Uhen 2003;Boisserie 2005;Boisserie et al. 2005;Fisher et al. 2007);”

• cites Shimamura et al. 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Boisserie 2005 sourceSupported
• cites Fisher et al. 2007 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract says molecular studies indicate that hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa. In “Functional and Phylogenetic Considerations,” the authors say their forelimb comparisons support the molecular data, but they call for further study to determine whether hippos were closely allied to Cetacea. The paper therefore supports the molecular part of the claim, but does not establish that its comparative morphological analysis supports the hippo–cetacean clade. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Proportionally, the brain case is larger and the muzzle is shorter in C. liberiensis than in the common hippopotamus.

“Proportionally, the brain case is larger and the muzzle is shorter in C. liberiensis than in the common hippopotamus (Fig. 2; Johnston 1906).”

• cites Johnston 1906 sourceCould not verify

  The passage near p. 89 discusses Liberian animals but does not compare the skulls of C. liberiensis and the common hippopotamus. Searches for the species name, brain case, muzzle, and skull comparison found no relevant passage in our copy, whose end may be missing. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Boisserie (2005) concluded that the mix of primitive and derived features of the extant pygmy hippo gives it a distinct lineage, validating the genus Choeropsis for the pygmy hippo and restricting the genus Hexaprotodon to the fossil lineage found mostly in Asia.

“Most recently, Boisserie (2005) concluded that the mix of primitive and derived features of the extant pygmy hippo gives it a distinct lineage, validating the genus Choeropsis for the pygmy hippo and restricting the genus Hexaprotodon to the fossil lineage found mostly in Asia (Falconer and Cautley 1836).”

• cites Boisserie 2005 sourceSupported
• cites Falconer and Cautley 1836Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Overall, the myology of C. liberiensis resembles ruminants more closely than suids, and both extant hippo species are unique in retaining several primitive features in the forelimb, consistent with the hypothesis that hippopotamids diverged from other Artiodactyla early in the history of this group.

“Overall, the myology of the C. liberiensis resembles ruminants more closely than suids, and both extant hippo species are unique in retaining several primitive features in the forelimb, consistent with the hypothesis that hippopotamids diverged from other Artiodactyla early in the history of this group (Fisher et al. 2007).”

• cites Fisher et al. 2007 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Other recent confirmed records of C. liberiensis are from Gola National Forest in the west, from the Wonegizi National Forest in the north, on the border with Guinea, and in Sapo National Park in the southeast.

“Other recent confirmed records are from Gola National Forest in the west, from the Wonegizi National Forest in the north, on the border with Guinea, and in Sapo National Park in the southeast (Collen et al. 2011).”

• cites Collen et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports seven camera-trap photographs confirming C. liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Our copy does not report confirmed records from Gola National Forest or Wonegizi National Forest, so the citation supports only the Sapo portion of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The insertion site of the brachialis muscle can be on the radius only or on both the radius and ulna in C. liberiensis.

“The insertion site of the brachialis muscle can be on the radius only (Macalister 1873;Fisher et al. 2007) or on both the radius and ulna (Campbell 1936); the radius and ulna are functionally or actually fused in artiodactyls.”

• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fisher et al. 2007 sourceSupported
• cites Campbell 1936 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hippopotamids are believed to have originated in Africa sometime in the mid-Miocene period, approximately 11-16 million years ago, in the areas of modern-day Kenya and Tunisia.

“Hippopotamids are believed to have originated in Africa sometime in the mid-Miocene period, approximately 11-16 million years ago, in the areas of modern-day Kenya and Tunisia (Pickford 1983;Boisserie 2005).”

• cites Pickford 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Boisserie 2005 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says Hippopotamidae most probably had their roots in Africa during the middle Miocene. It mentions a Miocene hippopotamid from Kenya, but does not identify Kenya or Tunisia as places of origin or give the specific 11–16-million-year range. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis has retained several features more adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle compared to the common hippopotamus, including proportionally longer limbs and only moderately webbed toes that spread more widely under its own weight.

“Choeropsis liberiensis has retained several features more adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle compared to the common hippopotamus, including proportionally longer limbs and only moderately webbed toes that spread more widely under its own weight (Johnston 1906 ;Pocock 1923;Fisher et al. 2007).”

• cites Johnston 1906 sourceCould not verify

  The available copy’s passages on Liberian fauna (Chapter II) do not describe Choeropsis liberiensis or compare its limbs and toes with those of the common hippopotamus. Searches for hippopotamus, webbed toes, and the claimed limb proportions found no relevant passage; the copy is truncated, so the relevant discussion may be missing. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pocock 1923 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fisher et al. 2007 sourcePartly supported

  The Functional and Phylogenetic Considerations section says hippos retain terrestrial locomotor patterns and have tendons that control toe splay on soft ground. It does not establish that pygmy hippos have proportionally longer limbs, moderately webbed toes, or greater terrestrial adaptation than common hippos; the Abstract says common hippos share the described toe-control features. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The trapezius muscle can variably originate from the last two cervical vertebrae or the occipital bone in C. liberiensis, whereas the common hippopotamus lacks an occipital origin.

“Similarly, the trapezius muscle can variably originate from the last two cervical vertebrae (Campbell 1936) or the occipital bone (Macalister 1873;Fisher et al. 2007) in C. liberiensis, whereas the common hippopotamus lacks an occipital origin.”

• cites Campbell 1936 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fisher et al. 2007 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Cetacea and the Hippopotamidae are believed to share a common ancestry, with initial divergence estimated around 54 million years ago.

“The Cetacea and the Hippopotamidae are believed to share a common ancestry, with initial divergence estimated around 54 million years ago (Ursing and Arnason 1998).”

• cites Ursing and Arnason 1998 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The current estimate for Sierra Leone is roughly 150 C. liberiensis individuals countrywide, primarily within the Gola Forest complex.

“Data from recent field surveys were not sufficient to determine actual abundance (Conway 2013); the current estimate for Sierra Leone is roughly 150 individuals countrywide, primarily within the Gola Forest complex, including the Moa River islands (Lindsell et al. 2011;Mallon et al. 2011).”

• cites Conway 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lindsell et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page not provided) document pygmy hippopotamuses in the Gola area and on Tiwai Island in the Moa River. The Discussion (page not provided) suggests several tens of animals in and around the reserves, but does not give a countrywide estimate of roughly 150 or establish that most of Sierra Leone’s population is there. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Mallon et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Population surveys conducted in Liberia have indicated a minimum of 1,000 C. liberiensis and perhaps several thousand.

“Population surveys conducted in Liberia have indicated a minimum of 1,000 (Verschuren 1982) and perhaps several thousand (Eltringham 1993).”

• cites Verschuren 1982 sourceSupported
• cites Eltringham 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Further threats to C. liberiensis include lack of adequate financial and legal protection for the few remaining intact areas of habitat, poaching for bushmeat, and increasing human settlement adjacent to protected areas.

“Further threats include lack of adequate financial and legal protection for the few remaining intact areas of habitat, poaching for bushmeat, and increasing human settlement adjacent to protected areas (Anstey 1991b;Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 2015;Lindsell et al. 2011;Ransom et al. 2015).”

• cites Anstey 1991bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lindsell et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says that 63% of riverine forest in the Gola area lies outside the reserves, so pygmy hippopotamuses may not be well protected. It also identifies an increasing human population and demand for bushmeat as threats to the forest. It does not establish inadequate financial or legal protection, or identify poaching and settlement adjacent to protected areas as specific threats to C. liberiensis. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The greatest length of the skull of an adult female Choeropsis liberiensis specimen (ZFMK MAM 1965.0570) from Côte d'Ivoire is 339 mm.

“Greatest length of skull is 339 mm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The animals at the higher end of the weight range are undoubtedly overweight.

“The animals at the higher end of the weight range are undoubtedly overweight (Flacke et al. 2015).”

• cites Flacke et al. 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The view validating Choeropsis was also recently embraced by Groves and Grubb (2011).

“This view was also recently embraced by Groves and Grubb (2011).”

• cites Groves and Grubb 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Average weight in captivity for C. liberiensis ranges from 160 to 275 kg with a shoulder height of 70-80 cm.

“Average weight in captivity ranges from 160 to 275 kg with a shoulder height of 70-80 cm (Lang 1975);”

• cites Lang 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The common hippopotamus frequents riverine savannahs.

“C. liberiensis inhabits primary and secondary rainforest and swamps (Bülow 1987;Hentschel 1990), whereas the common hippopotamus frequents riverine savannahs.”

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis is distinguished from the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius by its smaller size, dental formula, distribution, and habitat.

“Choeropsis liberiensis (Fig. 1) is distinguished from the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius by its smaller size, dental formula, distribution, and habitat.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

C. liberiensis is the smaller of the two extant hippopotamids.

“The smaller of the two extant hippopotamids, it is relatively uncommon in zoological facilities and private collections worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The common hippopotamus is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

“the common hippopotamus is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Boisserie et al. 2005).”

• cites Boisserie et al. 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

C. liberiensis is gray to black in color with occasional depigmented pink patches on the body and limbs.

“Choeropsis liberiensis is gray to black in color with occasional depigmented pink patches on the body and limbs (Fig. 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Coarse, bristle-like hairs are found only at the ear margins, on the lips, and at the end of the tail in C. liberiensis.

“Coarse, bristle-like hairs are found only at the ear margins, on the lips, and at the end of the tail (Lochte 1951).”

• cites Lochte 1951Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A wild common hippopotamus can weigh upwards of 1,500 kg with a shoulder height of 130-140 cm.

“by comparison, a wild common hippopotamus can weigh upwards of 1,500 kg with a shoulder height of 130-140 cm (Marshall and Sayer 1976).”

• cites Marshall and Sayer 1976 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

C. liberiensis is a CITES Appendix II species.

“A solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, it is classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Appendix II species.”

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis is limited in geographic distribution to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem of West Africa and is now found only in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

“C. liberiensis is limited in geographic distribution to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem of West Africa and is now found only in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (Ransom et al. 2015);”

• cites Ransom et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

C. liberiensis is relatively uncommon in zoological facilities and private collections worldwide.

“The smaller of the two extant hippopotamids, it is relatively uncommon in zoological facilities and private collections worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

C. liberiensis is classified as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

“A solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, it is classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Appendix II species.”

May combine two claims.

The International Studbook reports a body mass range of 180-260 kg and a shoulder height of 80 cm for C. liberiensis.

“The International Studbook reports a body mass range of 180-260 kg and a shoulder height of 80 cm (Steck 2017);”

• cites Steck 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis is a solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa.

“A solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, it is classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Appendix II species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Subdermal glands of C. liberiensis secrete an oily clear-to-white, foamy fluid that protects the skin against sunburn, dehydration, and bacterial infection.

“Subdermal glands secrete an oily clear-to-white, foamy fluid that protects the skin against sunburn, dehydration, and bacterial infection (Eulenberger 1995;Hashimoto et al. 2007).”

• cites Eulenberger 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hashimoto et al. 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The skin of C. liberiensis is thick with a rubbery texture.

“The skin is thick with a rubbery texture (Flach et al. 1998).”

• cites Flach et al. 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Body mass for adult female C. liberiensis (n = 5) ranged from 179 to 267 kg; for adult males (n = 2) 208 kg and 273 kg.

“Body mass for adult females (n = 5) ranged from 179 to 267 kg; for adult males (n = 2) 208 kg and 273 kg (Lang 1975).”

• cites Lang 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a dearth of detailed information concerning Choeropsis in the wild due to the limitations for in situ research; the majority of data is derived from zoo specimens, all of which are of the nominate species C. liberiensis.

“There is a dearth of detailed information concerning Choeropsis in the wild due to the limitations for in situ research; the majority of data is derived from zoo specimens, all of which are of the nominate species C. liberiensis.”

May combine two claims.

The extant Choeropsis liberiensis is endemic only to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, and its distribution is limited to fragmented populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

“The extant Choeropsis liberiensis is endemic only to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa (Fig. 3), and its distribution is limited to fragmented populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (Ransom et al. 2015).”

• cites Ransom et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cetartiodactyla was proposed as the taxon name for the group formed by Hippopotamidae and Cetacea.

“Cetartiodactyla was proposed as the taxon name for the group (Montgelard et al. 1997) and subsequently more clearly defined (O' Leary and Gatesy 2008).”

• cites Montgelard et al. 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites O' Leary and Gatesy 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ears and nostrils of C. liberiensis function as valves that close tightly when the animal is under water.

“The ears and nostrils function as valves that close tightly when the animal is under water (Pocock 1923).”

• cites Pocock 1923 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The four stomach compartments of C. liberiensis are similar to those of a ruminant and include the nonglandular visceral and parietal blind sacs (also termed left and right diverticula), the vestibulum, the connecting chamber, and the customary glandular stomach.

“The four stomach compartments are similar to those of a ruminant and include the nonglandular visceral and parietal blind sacs (also termed left and right diverticula), the vestibulum, the connecting chamber, and the customary glandular stomach (Langer 1975;Macdonald and Hartman 1983).”

• cites Langer 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Macdonald and Hartman 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The highly vascularized and inelastic skin of C. liberiensis is about 1 cm thick with extensive subcutaneous fat and a rubbery texture.

“The highly vascularized and inelastic skin of C. liberiensis is about 1 cm thick with extensive subcutaneous fat and a rubbery texture (Flach et al. 1998).”

• cites Flach et al. 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The volume of the combined fore stomachs in the newborn C. liberiensis is about 68% of the total gastric volume; in adults this proportion increases to 94%.

“The volume of the combined fore stomachs in the newborn C. liberiensis is about 68% of the total gastric volume; in adults this proportion increases to 94% (Langer 1975).”

• cites Langer 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The vertebral formula of C. liberiensis is 7C, 14T, 5L, 4S, and 10 or more CA, total 40 or more.

“The vertebral formula of C. liberiensis is 7C, 14T, 5L, 4S, and 10 or more CA, total 40 or more (Macalister 1873).”

• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Skin secretions from a female C. liberiensis had a pH of 9.5 and lower mean sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations than secretions from the common hippopotamus, possibly reflecting dietary or metabolic differences.

“Skin secretions from a female C. liberiensis had a pH of 9.5 and lower mean sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ) concentrations than secretions from the common hippopotamus, possibly reflecting dietary or metabolic differences (Olivier 1975).”

• cites Olivier 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Confirmed reports of C. liberiensis presence are from both Tiwai Island and other small islands along the Moa River, and from the Gola Forest Reserve Complex along the Mano River on the border with Liberia.

“Confirmed reports of its presence are from both Tiwai Island and other small islands along the Moa River (White et al. 1986;Conway 2013), and from the Gola Forest Reserve Complex along the Mano River on the border with Liberia (Hillers and Muana 2010;Lindsell et al. 2011;Mallon et al. 2011).”

• cites White et al. 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Conway 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mallon et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The connecting chamber is oriented in a dorsal-to-ventral direction in the newborn to assist with passage of milk into the glandular stomach; the orientation changes in the adult to promote retention of ingesta and its movement between compartments of the fore stomach.

“The connecting chamber is oriented in a dorsal-toventral direction in the newborn to assist with passage of milk into the glandular stomach; the orientation changes in the adult to promote retention of ingesta and its movement between compartments of the fore stomach (Macdonald and Hartman 1983).”

• cites Macdonald and Hartman 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Instead of infundibula and renculi, the lobes of C. liberiensis kidneys are projections like the fingers of a hand; each kidney has 17-25 lobes.

“Instead, the lobes are projections like the fingers of a hand; each kidney has 17-25 lobes (Maluf 1978(Maluf , 1994)).”

• cites Maluf 1978 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maluf 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The globe (eyeball) of C. liberiensis is rounded and slightly taller than it is wide; measurements from a subadult female (117 kg) were 24.3 mm horizontal diameter, 18.6 mm anterior to posterior diameter, and 22.5 mm vertical diameter.

“The globe (eyeball) itself is rounded and slightly taller than it is wide; measurements from a subadult female (117 kg) were 24.3 mm horizontal diameter, 18.6 mm anterior to posterior diameter, and 22.5 mm vertical diameter (Hegner 1967).”

• cites Hegner 1967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The species has also been confirmed in the southeast in Maryland and River Gee counties and within the proposed Grand Kru-River Gee Protected Area.

“The species has also been confirmed in the southeast in Maryland and River Gee counties and within the proposed Grand Kru-River Gee Protected Area (Mallon et al. 2011).”

• cites Mallon et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The tapetum lucidum of C. liberiensis is light blue, reflective, and extends across the majority of the fundus; the ventral aspect is grossly obscured by the pigmented epithelial cell layer of the retina and thus the functional tapetum primarily occupies the dorsal aspect of the fundus.

“The tapetum lucidum is light blue, reflective, and extends across the majority of the fundus; the ventral aspect is grossly obscured by the pigmented epithelial cell layer of the retina and thus the functional tapetum primarily occupies the dorsal aspect of the fundus (Hegner 1967).”

• cites Hegner 1967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis has low-crowned molars, further supporting its status as a forest-dwelling consumer of coarse vegetation.

“C. liberiensis has low-crowned molars, further supporting its status as a forest-dwelling consumer of coarse vegetation (Weston 2000).”

• cites Weston 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The entire small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) of an adult female C. liberiensis is about 16 m long with an average diameter of 2.5 cm; the colon is about 2.5 m long.

“The entire small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) of an adult female is about 16 m long with an average diameter of 2.5 cm; the colon is about 2.5 m long (Macdonald and Hartman 1983).”

• cites Macdonald and Hartman 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The eyes of C. liberiensis are less prominent and have a more lateral placement with a wider field of vision than with the dorsal eye placement of the amphibious common hippopotamus.

“The eyes of C. liberiensis are less prominent and have a more lateral placement with a wider field of vision than with the dorsal eye placement of the amphibious common hippopotamus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Similar conglomerate, bristle-like hairs are found only in seals and sea lions (Carnivora; Otariidae).

“Similar conglomerate, bristle-like hairs are found only in seals and sea lions (Carnivora; Otariidae).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hair measurements (mm) for C. liberiensis were: up to 35 for lip hairs, 6-9 for ear hairs, and 10-18 for tail hairs.

“Hair measurements (mm) for C. liberiensis were: up to 35 for lip hairs, 6-9 for ear hairs, and 10-18 for tail hairs (Lochte 1951).”

• cites Lochte 1951Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fossil records support the much more recent presence of the now-extinct dwarf hippo species on the islands of Crete (Hippopotamus creutzburgi), Cyprus (Phanourios minor), and Madagascar (Hippopotamus madagascariensis).

“Fossil records support the much more recent presence of the now-extinct dwarf hippo species on the islands of Crete (Hippopotamus creutzburgi), Cyprus (Phanourios minor), and Madagascar (Hippopotamus madagascariensis).”

May combine two claims.

The retina of C. liberiensis has two histologically distinct types of pigmented epithelial cells and three types of photoreceptor cells.

“The retina itself has two histologically distinct types of pigmented epithelial cells and three types of photoreceptor cells (Hegner 1967).”

• cites Hegner 1967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Each kidney of C. liberiensis has about three times 10^6 glomeruli; however, the total length of the tubule, including the Loop of Henle, is only 6.8 mm.

“Each kidney has about three times 10 6 glomeruli (Maluf 1994); however, the total length of the tubule, including the Loop of Henle, is only 6.8 mm (Maluf 1978).”

• cites Maluf 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maluf 1978 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The earliest Hexaprotodon fossils, dating from the Mio-Pliocene period about 5 million years ago, were recovered from the Siwalik Hills on the India-Pakistan border.

“The earliest Hexaprotodon fossils, dating from the Mio-Pliocene period about 5 million years ago, were recovered from the Siwalik Hills on the India-Pakistan border (Falconer and Cautley 1836).”

• cites Falconer and Cautley 1836Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Multiple anecdotal reports describe white foamy skin secretions produced by the subdermal glands in wild C. liberiensis, and captive animals often exhibit the same secretions during periods of physical exertion, including during mating.

“Multiple anecdotal reports describe white foamy skin secretions produced by the subdermal glands in wild C. liberiensis, and captive animals often exhibit the same secretions during periods of physical exertion, including during mating (Steinmetz 1937;Lang 1975;Schubert 2004;von Houwald et al. 2007).”

• cites Steinmetz 1937Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lang 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites von Houwald et al. 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An elongated triangular gall bladder is present in C. liberiensis, and the bile duct empties into the duodenum 15 cm distal to the pylorus.

“An elongated triangular gall bladder is present, and the bile duct empties into the duodenum 15 cm distal to the pylorus (Macalister 1873;Langer 1975).”

• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Langer 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One animal was caught in a pit-trap near Tiwai Island in 2010.

“One animal was also caught in a pit-trap near Tiwai Island in 2010 (Conway 2013).”

• cites Conway 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This range is comparable to previously published rates for the common hippopotamus at the same temperatures, indicative of similar dermal physiology for the two species.

“This range is comparable to previously published rates for the common hippopotamus at the same temperatures, indicative of similar dermal physiology for the two species (Olivier 1975).”

• cites Olivier 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Field surveys conducted between 1982 and 1986 found signs of C. liberiensis within 21 protected areas in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, with the highest abundances in Taï National Park and the surrounding N'Zo Faunal Reserve.

“Field surveys conducted between 1982 and 1986 found signs of C. liberiensis within 21 protected areas in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, with the highest abundances in Taï National Park and the surrounding N'Zo Faunal Reserve.”

May combine two claims.

By the late 20th century, the distribution of C. liberiensis was limited to Sapo National Park and Grebo National Forest in the southeast, and North Lorma National Forest in the far northwest; it was deemed unlikely to persist in the central regions of Liberia.

“However, by the late 20th century its distribution was limited to Sapo National Park and Grebo National Forest in the southeast, and North Lorma National Forest in the far northwest; it was deemed unlikely to persist in the central regions of Liberia (Anstey 1991a).”

• cites Anstey 1991aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The two kidneys equal 0.22% of body mass in the adult and 0.51-0.63% of body mass in the newborn C. liberiensis.

“The two kidneys equal 0.22% of body mass in the adult and 0.51-0.63% of body mass in the newborn (Maluf 1994).”

• cites Maluf 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A 2005 survey conducted in Gola, North Lorma, and Grebo National Forests in Liberia confirmed signs of C. liberiensis only in Grebo National Forest, in the far southeast near the border with Côte d'Ivoire; the other areas lacked evidence of its presence.

“A 2005 survey conducted in Gola, North Lorma, and Grebo National Forests in Liberia confirmed signs of C. liberiensis only in Grebo National Forest, in the far southeast near the border with Côte d'Ivoire; the other areas lacked evidence of its presence (Barrie et al. 2007).”

• cites Barrie et al. 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The mucosal epithelium of the fore stomachs is lined with finger-like papillae, each varying in length, thickness, and shape; these papillae are less prominent in the newborn.

“The mucosal epithelium of the fore stomachs is lined with finger-like papillae, each varying in length, thickness, and shape; these papillae are less prominent in the newborn (Macdonald and Hartman 1983;Endo et al. 2001).”

• cites Macdonald and Hartman 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Endo et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The most westward extent of the range of C. liberiensis is likely the Ouatamba-Kilimi National Park in northwestern Sierra Leone, also the northernmost location where the species has been recorded, although there are no recent reports to substantiate its continued presence in this area.

“The most westward extent of its range is likely the Ouatamba-Kilimi National Park in northwestern Sierra Leone (White 1986), also the northernmost location where the species has been recorded, although there are no recent reports to substantiate its continued presence in this area.”

• cites White 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Ziama, evidence of C. liberiensis (tracks and dung) was found along the Njéré, Gniogné, and upper Ouin watercourses, and in Diécké along the Nié, Grand Gbin, Gbin-bé, and Lih streams.

“In Ziama, evidence of C. liberiensis (tracks and dung) was found along the Njéré, Gniogné, and upper Ouin watercourses, and in Diécké along the Nié, Grand Gbin, Gbin-bé, and Lih streams (Bützler 1994).”

• cites Bützler 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is no cecum in C. liberiensis, but the junction between the large and small intestine is characterized by an increase in diameter and a change in the lining of the mucosal epithelium.

“There is no cecum (Macalister 1873), but the junction between the large and small intestine is characterized by an increase in diameter and a change in the lining of the mucosal epithelium (Macdonald and Hartman 1983).”

• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Macdonald and Hartman 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Lobulated kidneys of C. liberiensis are similar in architecture to those of the Bovidae but lack infundibula and renculi.

“Lobulated kidneys are similar in architecture to those of the Bovidae but lack infundibula and renculi (Macalister 1873).”

• cites Macalister 1873Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The hippopotamids are unique among the Artiodactyla in that they have retained a semiaquatic lifestyle and all four toes are weight-bearing.

“The hippopotamids are unique among the Artiodactyla in that they have retained a semiaquatic lifestyle and all four toes are weight-bearing.”

May combine two claims.

The pupil of C. liberiensis is oval, 7 mm wide and 5 mm high, with a symmetrical iris width of 2 mm; the lens is 10 mm in diameter and 7 mm thick; scleral thickness varies between 1.2 and 1.5 mm.

“The pupil is oval, 7 mm wide and 5 mm high, with a symmetrical iris width of 2 mm; the lens is 10 mm in diameter and 7 mm thick; scleral thickness varies between 1.2 and 1.5 mm (Hegner 1967).”

• cites Hegner 1967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Polycystic kidney disease, first noted as an incidental finding at necropsy, is now recognized as a possible X-linked dominant inheritance trait, with prevalence rates greater than 37% in captive animals.

“Polycystic kidney disease, first noted as an incidental finding at necropsy (Jarofke and Klös 1982), is now recognized as a possible X-linked dominant inheritance trait, with prevalence rates greater than 37% in captive animals (Raymond et al. 2000;Nees et al. 2009;Flacke et al. 2017b).”

• cites Jarofke and Klös 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Raymond et al. 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nees et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Communal housing of C. liberiensis can lead to conspecific aggression resulting in injury and death, may contribute to abnormal behaviors including stereotypies, and is also believed to compromise normal maternal behavior in some circumstances.

“Communal housing can lead to conspecific aggression resulting in injury and death, may contribute to abnormal behaviors including stereotypies, and is also believed to compromise normal maternal behavior in some circumstances (Flacke et al. 2015).”

• cites Flacke et al. 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis is found in both primary and secondary rainforests; low-lying Raphia palm swamps are its preferred habitat type because these offer both feeding and resting areas.

“C. liberiensis is found in both primary and secondary rainforests; low-lying Raphia palm swamps are its preferred habitat type because these offer both feeding and resting areas (Robinson 1970;Bülow 1987).”

• cites Robinson 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bülow 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These measures of genetic diversity are calculated via analysis of studbook data, data that inaccurately assume equal relatedness among founders from wild populations, may contain errors in recorded pedigrees, and cannot clearly identify genetically underrepresented animals.

“However, these measures of genetic diversity are calculated via analysis of studbook data, data that inaccurately assume equal relatedness among founders from wild populations, may contain errors in recorded pedigrees, and cannot clearly identify genetically underrepresented animals.”

May combine two claims.

Recently, 1.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.08 mg/kg medetomidine followed by endotracheal intubation and maintenance on oxygen and isoflurane gas has proven very safe and effective for anesthesia of C. liberiensis, with no reported mortality.

“Recently, 1.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.08 mg/kg medetomidine followed by endotracheal intubation and maintenance on oxygen and isoflurane gas has proven very safe and effective for anesthesia, with no reported mortality (Bouts et al. 2012).”

• cites Bouts et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Very young C. liberiensis calves are hidden in a shallow pool or among the vegetation while the mother forages; she will visit the calf several times per day to allow it to nurse.

“Very young calves are hidden in a shallow pool or among the vegetation while the mother forages; she will visit the calf several times per day to allow it to nurse (Galat-Luong 1981).”

• cites Galat-Luong 1981 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Very little is known about C. liberiensis in the wild, either at the level of the individual or the population.

“Very little is known about Choeropsis liberiensis in the wild, either at the level of the individual or the population.”

May combine two claims.

The species is highly dependent on streams and rivers, and is more widely distributed during the rainy season when water is more readily available.

“The species is highly dependent on streams and rivers, and is more widely distributed during the rainy season when water is more readily available (Robinson 1969(Robinson , 1970)).”

• cites Robinson 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Robinson 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Current assessments of wild C. liberiensis population numbers are largely unsubstantiated and based on qualitative data.

“Population numbers for wild Choeropsis liberiensis are unknown; current assessments are largely unsubstantiated and based on qualitative data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All reports of disease in C. liberiensis stem from the captive population.

“All reports of disease in C. liberiensis stem from the captive population.”

May combine two claims.

C. liberiensis is primarily solitary; its favorite elements are forest and swamps, and its activity patterns are principally nocturnal with occasional activity at dawn and dusk.

“C. liberiensis is primarily solitary; its favorite elements are forest and swamps, and its activity patterns are principally nocturnal with occasional activity at dawn and dusk (Büttikofer 1890).”

• cites Büttikofer 1890Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Another survey reported between 3.6 (primary rainforest) and 2.9 (secondary rainforest) C. liberiensis per km2, extrapolated to between 8,200 and 14,200 within Taï National Park and its buffer zones.

“Another survey based on radiotelemetry data for one female and extensive transect footprint counts reported between 3.6 (primary rainforest) and 2.9 (secondary rainforest) C. liberiensis per km 2 , and extrapolated to between 8,200 and 14,200 within Taï National Park and its buffer zones (Hentschel 1990).”

• cites Hentschel 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Population estimates for C. liberiensis range from 2,000 to 3,000 worldwide to possibly as many as 15,000 for Côte d'Ivoire alone.

“Population estimates range from 2,000 to 3,000 worldwide (Eltringham 1993(Eltringham , 1999;;Ransom et al. 2015) to possibly as many as 15,000 for Côte d'Ivoire alone (Roth et al. 2004).”

• cites Eltringham 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ransom et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Roth et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The chorion of C. liberiensis is folded and its surface is covered with villi interspersed with rounded or irregularly shaped areolae; the villi are lined with columnar epithelium.

“The chorion is folded and its surface is covered with villi interspersed with rounded or irregularly shaped areolae; the villi are lined with columnar epithelium (Macdonald and Bosma 1985).”

• cites Macdonald and Bosma 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is unknown if polycystic kidney disease is similarly prevalent in wild C. liberiensis populations.

“It is unknown if the condition is similarly prevalent in wild populations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hybrids between C. liberiensis and the common hippopotamus do not occur.

“Hybrids between C. liberiensis and the common hippopotamus do not occur (Benirschke 2007).”

• cites Benirschke 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Anesthesia for C. liberiensis can be challenging; difficulties include accurate weight estimation, selection of protocols, tough skin, thick subcutaneous fat, limited access to peripheral circulation, endotracheal intubation, bradycardia, hypoventilation, apnea, and a high fatality rate.

“Anesthesia for C. liberiensis can be challenging; difficulties include accurate weight estimation for dosage calculations, selection of protocols for anesthetic drugs, tough skin that is challenging to penetrate with a needle or dart, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat leading to variable and systemic drug absorption, limited access to peripheral circulation, endotracheal intubation, bradycardia, h”

• cites Miller 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The penis and prepuce of C. liberiensis curl caudally when not erect.

“The penis and prepuce curl caudally when not erect (Pocock 1923).”

• cites Pocock 1923 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These assessments assume equal distribution of animals throughout all available areas of primary and secondary rainforest habitat and are likely to represent an overestimation of actual numbers.

“These assessments assume equal distribution of animals throughout all available areas of primary and secondary rainforest habitat and are likely to represent an overestimation of actual numbers (K.M. Hentschel, pers.comm.).”

• cites K.M. Hentschel, pers.comm.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The primary drivers of these land-use changes include increasing human population numbers, poor rural infrastructure and support services, and an often unstable political climate.

“The primary drivers of these land-use changes include increasing human population numbers, poor rural infrastructure and support services, and an often unstable political climate (Norris et al. 2010).”

• cites Norris et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fetal placentas of three fullterm calves weighed 900-1,125 g.

“The fetal placentas of three fullterm calves weighed 900-1,125 g (Benirschke 2007).”

• cites Benirschke 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Flach et al. (1998) reported a heart rate of 42-100 beats/min and respiratory rate of 0-10 breaths/min for an anesthetized female C. liberiensis.

“Flach et al. (1998) reported a heart rate (beats/ min) of 42-100 and respiratory rate (breaths/min) of 0-10 for an anesthetized female.”

• cites Flach et al. 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There are two types of villi in C. liberiensis: areolar, which are more blunted, less branched, broader and overlie the endometrial glands, and interareolar villi.

“There are two types of villi: areolar, which are more blunted, less branched, broader and overlie the endometrial glands, and interareolar villi.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The diploid (2n) chromosome number for C. liberiensis is 36, with all chromosomes being metacentric except for an acrocentric Y chromosome.

“The diploid (2n) chromosome number for Choeropsis liberiensis is 36, with all chromosomes being metacentric except for an acrocentric Y chromosome (Hsu and Benirschke 1977).”

• cites Hsu and Benirschke 1977 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Overall, the limited information in the primary literature describes C. liberiensis as a generally solitary species inhabiting primary and secondary rainforest, with preferred habitat types including low-lying Raphia palm swamps and areas in close proximity to or partially submerged in water.

“Overall, the limited information in the primary literature describes C. liberiensis as a generally solitary species inhabiting primary and secondary rainforest, with preferred habitat types including low-lying Raphia palm swamps and areas in close proximity to or partially submerged in water.”

May combine two claims.

Mean values (n = 5 anesthetic episodes) from a juvenile female C. liberiensis were: pH 7.4; partial pressure of carbon dioxide 61.5 mmHg; partial pressure of oxygen 71 mmHg; bicarbonate 40.8 mmol/l; oxygen saturation 71.6%; end tidal carbon dioxide 42.5 mmHg; body temperature 36.3°C.

“Mean values (n = 5 anesthetic episodes) from a juvenile female were: pH 7.4; partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg), 61.5; partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg), 71; bicarbonate (mmol/l), 40.8; oxygen saturation, 71.6%; end tidal carbon dioxide (mmHg), 42.5; and body temperature (°C), 36.3 (Morris et al. 2001).”

• cites Morris et al. 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This activity is thought to comprise a form of territory marking or intraspecific communication.

“This activity is thought to comprise a form of territory marking or intraspecific communication (Lang 1975;Kranz 1982;Hentschel 1990;Robinson 1996;von Houwald et al. 2007).”

• cites Lang 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kranz 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hentschel 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Values obtained from an anesthetized male C. liberiensis: average heart rate 60 beats/min; average respiratory rate 4 breaths/min; body temperature range 33.6-35.3°C; mean arterial hemoglobin saturation 95-99%.

“The following values were obtained from an anesthetized male C. liberiensis: average heart rate (beats/ min) 60; average respiratory rate (breaths/min) 4; body temperature range (°C) 33.6-35.3;mean arterial hemoglobin saturation 95-99% (Weston et al. 1996).”

• cites Weston et al. 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Allometric scaling was used to estimate the heart rate of conscious C. liberiensis at 60-65 beats/min; heart rate data for conscious animals has otherwise not been reported.

“Allometric scaling was used to estimate the heart rate (beats/min) of conscious animals at 60-65 (Bouts et al. 2012); heart rate data for conscious animals has otherwise not been reported.”

• cites Bouts et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A total of 120 animals, or two animals per linear kilometer of habitat, was reported from Azagny National Park based on transect footprint counts.

“A total of 120 animals, or two animals per linear kilometer of habitat, was reported from Azagny National Park based on transect footprint counts (Bülow 1987).”

• cites Bülow 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Habitat descriptions for 409 locations at Gola confirmed the presence of C. liberiensis in farm bush areas (54.41%), forest (24.21%), rivers/streams/swamps (16.14%), with one record from a cocoa plantation.

“Habitat descriptions for 409 locations based on search walks and camera traps at Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone, and Gola National Forest, Liberia, confirmed the presence of C. liberiensis in farm bush areas (243; 54.41%), forest (99; 24.21%), rivers, streams and swamps (66; 16.14%), with one record from a cocoa plantation (Hillers et al. 2016).”

• cites Hillers et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.