Misprescription and misuse of one-tailed tests
Abstract
Abstract One‐tailed statistical tests are often used in ecology, animal behaviour and in most other fields in the biological and social sciences. Here we review the frequency of their use in the 1989 and 2005 volumes of two journals ( Animal Behaviour and Oecologia ), their advantages and disadvantages, the extensive erroneous advice on them in both older and modern statistics texts and their utility in certain narrow areas of applied research. Of those articles with data sets susceptible to one‐tailed tests, at least 24% in Animal Behaviour and at least 13% in Oecologia used one‐tailed tests at least once. They were used 35% more frequently with nonparametric methods than with parametric ones and about twice as often in 1989 as in 2005. Debate in the psychological literature of the 1950s established the logical criterion that one‐tailed tests should be restricted to situations where there is interest only in results in one direction. ‘Interest’ should be defined; however, in terms of collective or societal interest and not by the individual investigator. By this ‘collective interest’ criterion, all uses of one‐tailed tests in the journals surveyed seem invalid. In his book Nonparametric Statistics, S. Siegel unrelentingly suggested the use of one‐tailed tests whenever the investigator predicts the direction of a result. That work has been a major proximate source of confusion on this issue, but so are most recent statistics textbooks. The utility of one‐tailed tests in research aimed at obtaining regulatory approval of new drugs and new pesticides is briefly described, to exemplify the narrow range of research situations where such tests can be appropriate. These situations are characterized by null hypotheses stating that the difference or effect size does not exceed, or is at least as great as, some ‘amount of practical interest’. One‐tailed tests rarely should be used for basic or applied research in ecology, animal behaviour or any other science.
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A two-sided α of 0.05 corresponds to the conservative approach commonly used in the scientific community.
“A two-sided α was chosen to cover potential inferiority of the miCBT. This corresponds to the conservative approach commonly used in the scientific community (48, 49).”
From Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for the Prophylaxis of Migraine in Adults: A Three-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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Some thoughts on one-tailed tests.
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The Procedures and Justification of a Two-Tailed Directional Test of Significance
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Sorted by citations
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When should we use one-tailed hypothesis testing?
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- Authors
- LOMBARDI, C. M., & HURLBERT, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- LOMBARDI, CELIA M.
- Venue
- Austral Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-05-28
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 447-468
- ISSN
- 1442-9985 (ISSN-L)
- 1442-9993
- OpenAlex
- W1980655238
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Austral Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- one-tailed tests, misuse of statistics, nonparametric statistics, statistics textbook, drug approval, pesticide approval, null hypothesis, animal behavior
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