The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Food web models: a plea for groups.
Open accessAbstract
The concept of a group is ubiquitous in biology. It underlies classifications in evolution and ecology, including those used to describe phylogenetic levels, the habitat and functional roles of organisms in ecosystems. Surprisingly, this concept is not explicitly included in simple models for the structure of food webs, the ecological networks formed by consumer–resource interactions. We present here the simplest possible model based on groups, and show that it performs substantially better than current models at predicting the structure of large food webs. Our group‐based model can be applied to different types of biological and non‐biological networks, and for the first time merges in the same framework two important notions in network theory: that of compartments (sets of highly interacting nodes) and that of roles (sets of nodes that have similar interaction patterns). This model provides a basis to examine the significance of groups in biological networks and to develop more accurate models for ecological network structure. It is especially relevant at a time when a new generation of empirical data is providing increasingly large food webs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“a feature commonly observed in complex ecological networks and thought to enhance their stability and persistence”
From A Food Web Model of the Serengeti: Stability, Dynamics and Indirect Effects (2026) · cites this paper as Allesina and Pascual 2009
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The group model [12], known as a stochastic block model in the statistical literature [57], was previously treated in a maximum-likelihood framework.”
From Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model (2011) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although compartmental structure may be significant at one scale of analysis, compartments alone do not account for much of the topological structure in food webs.”
From Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model (2011) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879
Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach.
Guthery, F. S., Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2003) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802723 · Cited by 41,495
Finding and evaluating community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J., & Girvan, M. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.69.026113 · Cited by 13,931
Modularity and community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601602103 · Cited by 12,256
Bayesian Inference of Phylogeny and Its Impact on Evolutionary Biology
Huelsenbeck, J. P., Ronquist, F., Nielsen, R., & Bollback, J. P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065889 · Cited by 2,737
Social Structure from Multiple Networks. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions
White, H. C., Boorman, S. A., & Breiger, R. L. (1976) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226141 · Cited by 2,097
Simple rules yield complex food webs
Martinez, N. D., Williams, R. J., & Martinez, N. D. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35004572 · Cited by 1,453
Complex Trophic Interactions in Deserts: An Empirical Critique of Food-Web Theory
Polis, G. A. (1991) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285208 · Cited by 1,041 · cited 1×
“200 Polis (1991)”
The Evolution of Random Graphs
Bollobás, B. (1984) · Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · doi:10.2307/1999405 · Cited by 1,032
The Seasonal Dynamics of The Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem
Baird, D., & Ulanowicz, R. E. (1989) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1943071 · Cited by 832
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–148 of 148
Building clone-consistent ecosystem models
Ansmann, G., & Bollenbach, T. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008635 · Cited by 5
Estupiñán‐Montaño, C., Elorriaga-Verplancken, F. R., Galván‐Magaña, F., Sánchez, A., Polo‐Silva, C. J., & Zetina-Rejón, M. J. (2023) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102074 · Cited by 5
Larina, E., Woodhouse, A. D., Swain, A., Lowery, C. M., Martindale, R. C., & Myers, C. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60362-8 · Cited by 6
Metaweb and its applications in understanding ecological interactionsPreprint
Adhurya, S., Agasti, N., & Park, Y. (2023) · doi:10.32942/x2sw3v · Cited by 5
Xu, Y., He, S., Peng, J., Huang, F., Huo, X., Tu, H., Cai, Y., Huang, X., & Sun, J. (2022) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02122 · Cited by 4
Active Learning for Hidden Attributes in NetworksPreprint
Yan, X., Zhu, Y., Rouquier, J., & Moore, C. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1005.0794 · Cited by 4
Radial basis dual-layer neural network approach for solving nonlinear food web models
Sabir, Z., Andraos, J., Hachem, Y., Jaber, A., Ishaq, W., Bayram, M., & Jakubec, M. (2026) · Journal of Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/j.jer.2026.02.008 · Cited by 3
Learning common structures in a collection of networks. An application to food webs
Chabert-Liddell, S.-C., Barbillon, P., & Donnet, S. (2024) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/23-aoas1831 · Cited by 4
Evaluating financial contagion through Ricci curvature on multivariate reactive point processes
Jiang, H., Zhao, M., Zhang, Z., & Luo, T. (2023) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2023.104248 · Cited by 3
Matching consumer feeding behaviours and resource traits: a fourth‐corner problem in food‐web theory
Monteiro, A. B., & Faria, L. D. B. (2018) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13096 · Cited by 3
Chabert-Liddell, S.-C., Barbillon, P., & Donnet, S. (2021) · Environmetrics · doi:10.1002/env.2709 · Cited by 3
Trophic Ecology of Seahorse Key, Florida: A Unique Bird-Snake Interaction Network Analysis
Wooten, D. A. (2020) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-184.2.177 · Cited by 3
Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure
Gao, P., & Kupfer, J. A. (2015) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013 · Cited by 2
Fort, H., & Mungan, M. (2015) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e17117680 · Cited by 2
Compartmentalization influences the response of bioenergetic ecological networks to species declines
Lin, Y., & Sutherland, W. J. (2015) · Journal of Complex Networks · doi:10.1093/comnet/cnv007 · Cited by 2
Plant communities and food webs
Dobson, A., Hutchinson, M. C., & Batterman, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1253084 · Cited by 1
Keystone predator and keystone intransitivity and the rescue of a competitively subdominant species
Vandermeer, J. H., & Perfecto, I. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2421005122 · Cited by 2
Traversetti, L., Dörr, A. J. M., & Scalici, M. (2016) · Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems · doi:10.1051/kmae/2015040 · Cited by 2
Melakeberhan, H. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
Temporal switching of species roles in a plant–pollinator networkPreprint
Miele, V., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., & Vázquez, D. P. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/543637 · Cited by 2
Using Latent Block Models to Detect Structure in Ecological Networks
Aubert, J., Barbillon, P., Donnet, S., & Miele, V. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119902799.ch6 · Cited by 2
Variability and ecological relevance of alternative group structures in food webs
Ohlsson, M., & Eklöf, A. (2024) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102696 · Cited by 1
Organization of the macroinvertebrate community in a tropical annual agroecosystem into modules
Andow, D. A., Fontes, E. M. G., Pires, C. S. S., & Paula, D. P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289103 · Cited by 1
Brown, C. R. P., & Stouffer, D. B. (2026) · Oikos · doi:10.1002/oik.11410 · Cited by 1
Trophic Ecology of Seahorse Key, Florida: A Unique Bird-Snake Interaction Network Analysis
Wooten, D. A. (2020) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1637/0003-0031-184.2.177 · Cited by 1
The geometry of coexistence in large ecosystemsPreprint
Grilli, J., Adorisio, M., Suweis, S. S., Barabás, G., Banavar, J. R., Stefano Allesina, A., & Maritan, A. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1507.05337 · Cited by 1
Architecture of Marine Food Webs: to be or not be a ‘small-world’Preprint
Marina, T. I., Saravia, L. A., Cordone, G., Salinas, V., Doyle, S. R., & Momo, F. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/274415 · Cited by 1
A Food Web Model of the Serengeti: Stability, Dynamics and Indirect Effects
Clarke, D., Hopcraft, J. G. C., & Haydon, D. T. (2026) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.70115
Redes tróficas do Pleistoceno: estrutura e fragilidade
Pires, M. M. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2014.tde-29052014-111335
A Bayesian approach to finding groups in a food web
Solow, A., & Beet, A. (2013) · Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1080/15659801.2013.820391
Model selection for stochastic block models
Moore, C., Hayes, T. P., & Yan, X. (2013) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Supporting Online Material for Evolutionary Conservation of Species' Roles in Food Webs
Stouffer, D. B., Sales‐Pardo, M., Sirer, M. I., & Bascompte, J. (2012)
van de Leemput, I. A. (2016) · doi:10.18174/379242
Trophic groups and modules: two levels of group detection in food websPreprint
Gauzens, B., Thébault, É., Lacroix, G., & Stéphane Legendre, C. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1403.2352
Topological stability and dynamic resilience in complex networks
Banerjee, S. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/5021
Rossberg, A. G. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118502181.biblio
The significance of species groups for food web structure and functioning
Ohlsson, M. (2023) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180753821
Laplanche, C., Pey, B., & Aguilée, R. (2025) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2025.112091
Uncovering the structures in ecological networks: Multiple techniques for multiple purposes
Gao, P. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Variation in food web reliance on green and brown energy pathways across ecosystem gradients
Sturges, J. W., James, W. R., Rezek, R. J., Santos, R. O., White, M., Badlowski, G. A., Trabelsi, S., Massie, J. A., Lesser, J. S., Trexler, J. C., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336521
Host traits and environmental factors shape infection heterogeneity in wild rat–protozoa networks
Markfeld, M., Talpaz, I., Biton, B., Randriamoria, T. M., Soarimalala, V., Goodman, S. M., Nunn, C. L., Titcomb, G., & Pilosof, S. (2026) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycag026
Brun‐Usan, M., Latorre, R., Buscalioni, Á. D., Alcorlo, P., & Marugán‐Lobón, J. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014061
O’Connor, L. M. J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7d3580dcza65cz4153z8895z5227e7324fe5
Zhang, T., 洪旭光, Liu, X., Liu, H., Zhuang, H., Chu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Ecological Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.ecofro.2026.04.005
Six decades of change across all North American bird interaction networksPreprint
Zarnetske, P. L., Dray, S., & Miele, V. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.30.721628
Estupiñán‐Montaño, C., Sánchez, A., Galván‐Magaña, F., Elorriaga-Verplancken, F. R., Zetina-Rejón, M. J., & Polo‐Silva, C. J. (2026) · Theoretical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s12080-026-00643-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Allesina, S., & Pascual, M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Pascual, Mercedes
- Venue
- Ecology Letters
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 652-662
- ISSN
- 1461-023X (ISSN-L)
- 1461-0248
- OpenAlex
- W2097186933
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Ecology Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Keywords
- food web structure, ecological networks, consumer-resource interactions, compartments, network roles, biological networks
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Models, Theoretical, Food Chain, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review