Finding and evaluating community structure in networks
Open accessAbstract
We propose and study a set of algorithms for discovering community structure in networks-natural divisions of network nodes into densely connected subgroups. Our algorithms all share two definitive features: first, they involve iterative removal of edges from the network to split it into communities, the edges removed being identified using any one of a number of possible "betweenness" measures, and second, these measures are, crucially, recalculated after each removal. We also propose a measure for the strength of the community structure found by our algorithms, which gives us an objective metric for choosing the number of communities into which a network should be divided. We demonstrate that our algorithms are highly effective at discovering community structure in both computer-generated and real-world network data, and show how they can be used to shed light on the sometimes dauntingly complex structure of networked systems.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
After PhenoGraph, the standard approach to clustering single-cell datasets has become multi-resolution modularity optimization as implemented in the Louvain algorithm on single-cell KNN graphs.
“After the pioneering PhenoGraph method (Levine et al, 2015), the standard approach to clustering single‐cell datasets has become multi‐resolution modularity optimization (Newman & Girvan, 2004; Reichardt & Bornholdt, 2006) as implemented in the Louvain algorithm (Blondel et al, 2008) on single‐cell KNN graphs.”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Newman & Girvan, 2004
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1979) · Cited by 43,841 · see citing works
Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30918 · Cited by 43,060 · see citing works
Statistical mechanics of complex networks
Albert, R., & Barabási, A.-L. (2002) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.47 · Cited by 20,471 · see citing works
The Structure and Function of Complex Networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2003) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s003614450342480 · Cited by 18,719 · see citing works
Self-citationAdhi Harmoko, S., M.Komp, Jacquard, J. M., Zuse, K., & Eniac (2005) · Cited by 18,035 · see citing works
Community structure in social and biological networks
Girvan, M., & Newman, M. E. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.122653799 · Cited by 15,502 · see citing works
Self-citationA set of measures of centrality based upon betweenness
Freeman, L. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033543 · Cited by 10,557 · see citing works
Strogatz, S. H. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35065725 · Cited by 8,236 · see citing works
Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications.
Smith, D. K., Ahuja, R. K., Magnanti, T. L., & Orlin, J. B. (1994) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/2583863 · Cited by 8,121 · see citing works
Social Network Analysis: A Handbook.
Pappi, F. U., & Scott, J. P. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075047 · Cited by 5,964 · see citing works
Epidemic Spreading in Scale-Free Networks
Pastor‐Satorras, R., & Vespignani, A. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.86.3200 · Cited by 5,773 · see citing works
An Efficient Heuristic Procedure for Partitioning Graphs
Kernighan, B. W., & Lin, S. M. (1970) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01770.x · Cited by 5,337 · see citing works
A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality*
Brandes, U. (2001) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.2001.9990249 · Cited by 4,977 · see citing works
The Large-Scale Organization of Metabolic Networks
Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltvai, Z. N., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35036627 · Cited by 4,972 · see citing works
An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Groups
Zachary, W. W. (1977) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/jar.33.4.3629752 · Cited by 4,709 · see citing works
The structure of scientific collaboration networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.404 · Cited by 4,550 · see citing works
Self-citationOn power-law relationships of the Internet topology
Faloutsos, M., Faloutsos, P., & Faloutsos, C. (1999) · doi:10.1145/316188.316229 · Cited by 4,245 · see citing works
Diameter of the World-Wide Web
Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A.-Ĺ. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43601 · Cited by 4,240 · see citing works
Bollobás, B. (1998) · Graduate texts in mathematics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0619-4 · Cited by 3,863 · see citing works
Newman, M. (2002) · Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics · doi:10.1103/physreve.67.026126 · Cited by 3,130 · see citing works
Self-citationClasses of small-world networks
Amaral, L. A. N., Scala, A., Barthélémy, M., & Stanley, H. E. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.200327197 · Cited by 3,051 · see citing works
Friends and neighbors on the Web
Adamic, L. A., & Adar, E. (2003) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/s0378-8733(03)00009-1 · Cited by 2,989 · see citing works
Broder, A., Kumar, R., Maghoul, F., Raghavan, P., Rajagopalan, S., Stata, R., Tomkins, A., & Wiener, J. (2000) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/s1389-1286(00)00083-9 · Cited by 2,810 · see citing works
Scientific collaboration networks. II. Shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality
Newman, M. E. J. (2001) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.64.016132 · Cited by 2,631 · see citing works
Self-citationOn power-law relationships of the Internet topology
Faloutsos, M., Faloutsos, P., & Faloutsos, C. (1999) · ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review · doi:10.1145/316194.316229 · Cited by 2,621 · see citing works
Lusseau, D., Schneider, K., Boisseau, O. J., Haase, P. A., Slooten, E., & Dawson, S. (2003) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0651-y · Cited by 2,283 · see citing works
Introduction to algorithms [2nd ed.]
Cormen, T. H. (2001) · Cited by 1,902 · see citing works
O’Regan, G. (2023) · Texts in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26212-8_4 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Dorogovtsev, S. N., & Mendes, J. F. F. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515906.001.0001 · Cited by 1,563 · see citing works
Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size
Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., & Martinez, N. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.192407699 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Self-similar community structure in a network of human interactions
Guimerà, R., Danon, L., Díaz-Guilera, A., Giralt, F., & Arenas, A. (2003) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.68.065103 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
How popular is your paper? An empirical study of the citation distribution
Redner, S. (1998) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1007/s100510050359 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Universal Behavior of Load Distribution in Scale-Free Networks
Goh, K.-I., Kahng, B., & Kim, D. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.278701 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
GLEISER, P. M., & Danon, L. (2003) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525903001067 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841356.301 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Self-organization and identification of Web communities
Flake, G. W., Lawrence, S., Giles, C. L., & Coetzee, F. M. (2002) · Computer · doi:10.1109/2.989932 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
The small world inside large metabolic networks
Wagner, A., & Fell, D. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1711 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Epidemics and percolation in small-world networks
Moore, C., & Newman, M. E. J. (2000) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.61.5678 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Self-citationStanford GraphBase: A Platform for Combinatorial Computing, The
Knuth, D. E. (1993) · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Computers and the Theory of Statistics: Thinking the Unthinkable
Efron, B. (1979) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/1021092 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
The emergent properties of a dolphin social network
Lusseau, D. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0057 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Breiger, R. L., Boorman, S. A., & Arabie, P. (1975) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(75)90028-0 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Infection dynamics on scale-free networks
May, R. M., & Lloyd, A. L. (2001) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.64.066112 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Email as Spectroscopy: Automated Discovery of Community Structure within Organizations
Tyler, J. R., Wilkinson, D. M., & Huberman, B. A. (2003) · Communities and Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0115-0_5 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Subnetwork hierarchies of biochemical pathways
Holme, P., Huss, M., & Jeong, H. (2003) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg033 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Marchiori, M., & Latora, V. (2000) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00311-3 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWWPreprint
Dorogovtsev, S. N., & Mendes, J. F. F. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Robust Patterns in Food Web Structure
Camacho, J., Guimerà, R., & Amaral, L. A. N. (2002) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.228102 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
On power-law relationships of the internet topology
Faloutsos, M., Faloutsos, P., & Faloutsos, C. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841356.195 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Epidemic Spreading in Scale-Free Networks
Pastor‐Satorras, R., & Vespignanj, A. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841356.493 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Anthonisse, J. M. (1971) · Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Diameter of the world-wide web
Albert, R., Jeong, H. S., & Barabasi, A.-L. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841356.182 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Origin of degree correlations in the Internet and other networks
Park, J. M., & Newman, M. E. J. (2003) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.68.026112 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationMean-field-type equations for spread of epidemics: the ‘small world’ model
Kleczkowski, A., & Grenfell, B. T. (1999) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(99)00393-3 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Email as Spectroscopy: Automated Discovery of Community Structure within OrganizationsPreprint
Tyler, J. R., Wilkinson, D. M., & Huberman, B. A. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0303264 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Grousson, M., Tarjus, G., & Viot, P. (2002) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.65.065103 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Finding Communities of Related GenesPreprint
Wilkinson, D. M., & Huberman, B. A. (2002) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0210147 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [5]M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos, On powerlaw relationships of the internet topology. Computer Communications Review 29 , 251-262 (1999).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008 · Cited by 21,424 · see citing works
Modularity and community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601602103 · Cited by 12,256 · see citing works
Self-citationFortunato, S. (2010) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002 · Cited by 11,293 · see citing works
Complex networks: structure and dynamics
BOCCALETTI, S., LATORA, V, MORENO, Y., CHAVEZ, M., & HWANG, D. (2006) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.10.009 · Cited by 11,010 · see citing works
Data clustering: 50 years beyond K-means
Jain, A. K. (2009) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.011 · Cited by 9,622 · see citing works
Finding community structure in very large networks
Clauset, A., Newman, M. E. J., & Moore, C. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.70.066111 · Cited by 7,390 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities
Traag, V. A., Waltman, L., & van Eck, N. J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41695-z · Cited by 5,635 · see citing works
Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.69.066133 · Cited by 5,415 · see citing works
Self-citationFinding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices
Newman, M. E. J. (2006) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.74.036104 · Cited by 4,799 · see citing works
Self-citationMaps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure
Rosvall, M., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706851105 · Cited by 4,583 · see citing works
Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks
Guimerà, R., & Nunes Amaral, L. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03288 · Cited by 3,983 · see citing works
Synchronization in complex networks
Arenas, A., Díaz-Guilera, A., Kurths, J., Moreno, Y., & Zhou, C. (2008) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.09.002 · Cited by 3,713 · see citing works
Near linear time algorithm to detect community structures in large-scale networks
Raghavan, U. N., Albert, R., & Kumara, S. R. T. (2007) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.76.036106 · Cited by 3,535 · see citing works
Visualizing Bibliometric Networks
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13 · Cited by 3,630 · see citing works
Kivela, M., Arenas, A., Barthelemy, M., Gleeson, J. P., Moreno, Y., & Porter, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Complex Networks · doi:10.1093/comnet/cnu016 · Cited by 3,235 · see citing works
The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks
Boccaletti, S., Bianconi, G., Criado, R., del Genio, C. I., Gómez-Gardeñes, J., Romance, M., Sendiña-Nadal, I., Wang, Z., & Zanin, M. (2014) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001 · Cited by 3,125 · see citing works
The structure and dynamics of multilayer networksPreprint
Wangk, Z., & Zaninm, M. (2016) · Cited by 3,046 · see citing works
Comparing community structure identification
Danon, L., Dı́az-Guilera, A., Duch, J., & Arenas, À. (2005) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2005/09/p09008 · Cited by 2,888 · see citing works
Link prediction in complex networks: A survey
Lü, L., & Zhou, T. (2010) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2010.11.027 · Cited by 2,841 · see citing works
Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2300-7 · Cited by 2,942 · see citing works
Characterization of complex networks: A survey of measurements
Costa, L. D. F., Rodrigues, F. A., Travieso, G., & Villas-Boas, P. R. (2007) · Advances In Physics · doi:10.1080/00018730601170527 · Cited by 2,497 · see citing works
Newman, M. E. J. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.70.056131 · Cited by 2,483 · see citing works
Self-citationA measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks
Newman, M. E. J. (2005) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.009 · Cited by 2,471 · see citing works
Self-citationBarthélemy, M. (2011) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002 · Cited by 2,469 · see citing works
Newman, M. E. J. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198805090.001.0001 · Cited by 2,317 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork hubs in the human brain
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012 · Cited by 2,123 · see citing works
A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks
Waltman, L., van Eck, N. J., & Noyons, E. (2010) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2010.07.002 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Critical phenomena in complex networks
Dorogovtsev, S. N., Goltsev, A. V., & Mendes, J. F. F. (2008) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.80.1275 · Cited by 2,220 · see citing works
Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial
Luecken, M. D., & Theis, F. J. (2019) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20188746 · Cited by 2,231 · see citing works
Community Structure in Time-Dependent, Multiscale, and Multiplex Networks
Mucha, P. J., Richardson, T., Macon, K., Porter, M. A., & Onnela, J.-P. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1184819 · Cited by 2,123 · see citing works
Community detection algorithms: A comparative analysis
Lancichinetti, A., & Fortunato, S. (2009) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.80.056117 · Cited by 2,181 · see citing works
Computing Communities in Large Networks Using Random Walks
Pons, P., & Matthieu Latapy, B. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11569596_31 · Cited by 2,147 · see citing works
Community detection in networks: a user guide
Fortunato, S., & Hric, D. (2016) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.09.002 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
Statistical mechanics of community detection
Reichardt, J., & Bornholdt, S. (2006) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.74.016110 · Cited by 2,048 · see citing works
Detecting community structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2004) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2004-00124-y · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
Self-citationLink communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks
Ahn, Y., Bagrow, J. P., & Lehmann, S. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09182 · Cited by 1,964 · see citing works
Detecting the overlapping and hierarchical community structure in complex networks
Lancichinetti, A., Fortunato, S., & Kertész, J. (2009) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/3/033015 · Cited by 1,946 · see citing works
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical Rhythms in Cognition
Wang, X.-J. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2008 · Cited by 1,939 · see citing works
Leskovec, J., Lang, K. J., Dasgupta, A., & Mahoney, M. W. (2009) · Internet Mathematics · doi:10.1080/15427951.2009.10129177 · Cited by 1,867 · see citing works
Graph embedding techniques, applications, and performance: A survey
Goyal, P., & Ferrara, E. (2018) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2018.03.022 · Cited by 1,801 · see citing works
Guimerà, R., Mossa, S., Turtschi, A., & Amaral, L. A. N. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407994102 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
Wolf, F. A., Hamey, F. K., Plass, M., Solana, J., Dahlin, J. S., Göttgens, B., Rajewsky, N., Simon, L., & Theis, F. J. (2019) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1663-x · Cited by 1,698 · see citing works
Schaeffer, S. E. (2007) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2007.05.001 · Cited by 1,679 · see citing works
Networks beyond pairwise interactions: Structure and dynamics
Battiston, F., Cencetti, G., Iacopini, I., Latora, V., Lucas, M., Patania, A., Young, J.-G., & Petri, G. (2020) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.05.004 · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Comorbidity: a network perspective
Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Borsboom, D. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09991567 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks
Hernandez, D. J., David, A. S., Menges, E. S., Searcy, C. A., & Afkhami, M. E. (2021) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00882-x · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Community detection in complex networks using extremal optimization
Duch, J., & Arenas, À. (2005) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.72.027104 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
BUBBLE Rap: Social-Based Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks
Hui, P., Crowcroft, J., & Yoneki, E. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2010.246 · Cited by 1,525 · see citing works
Defining and evaluating network communities based on ground-truth
Yang, J., & Leskovec, J. (2013) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-013-0693-z · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Computing Communities in Large Networks Using Random Walks
Pons, P., & Matthieu Latapy, B. (2006) · Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications · doi:10.7155/jgaa.00124 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
Graph based anomaly detection and description: a survey
Akoglu, L., Tong, H., & Koutra, D. (2015) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-014-0365-y · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
WEB-based GEne SeT AnaLysis Toolkit (WebGestalt): update 2013
Wang, J., Duncan, D. T., Shi, Z., & Zhang, B. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt439 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
Sporns, O., & Betzel, R. F. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033634 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Role of Molecular Dynamics and Related Methods in Drug Discovery
Vivo, M. D., Masetti, M., Bottegoni, G., & Cavalli, A. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01684 · Cited by 1,330 · see citing works
Vital nodes identification in complex networks
Lü, L., Chen, D., Ren, X.-L., Zhang, Q.-M., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, T. (2016) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.06.007 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Valente, T. W. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1217330 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Brandes, U., Delling, D., Gaertler, M., Görke, R., Hoefer, M., Nikoloski, Z., & Wagner, D. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2007.190689 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Networks formed from interdependent networks
Gao, J., Buldyrev, S. V., Stanley, E., & Havlin, S. (2011) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2180 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Finding Statistically Significant Communities in Networks
Lancichinetti, A., Radicchi, F., Ramasco, J. J., & Fortunato, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018961 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Watts, D. J. (2004) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.020404.104342 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Modular and hierarchically modular organization of brain networks
Meunier, D., Lambiotte, R., & Bullmore, E. T. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00200 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Networks beyond pairwise interactions: Structure and dynamics
Battiston, F., Cencetti, G., Iacopini, I., Latora, V., Lucas, M., Patania, A., Young, J., & Petri, G. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Community Structure in Directed Networks
Leicht, E. A., & Newman, M. E. J. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.118703 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Self-citationA survey of heterogeneous information network analysis
Shi, C., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., & Yu, P. S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2016.2598561 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Valente, T. W. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301014.003.0010 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
A smart local moving algorithm for large-scale modularity-based community detection
Waltman, L., & van Eck, N. J. (2013) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2013-40829-0 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
The Kuramoto model in complex networks
Rodrigues, F. A., Peron, T., Ji, P., & Kurths, J. (2015) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.10.008 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Clustering in weighted networks
Opsahl, T., & Panzarasa, P. (2009) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.002 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain
Stam, C. J., & Reijneveld, J. C. (2007) · Nonlinear Biomedical Physics · doi:10.1186/1753-4631-1-3 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Finding overlapping communities in networks by label propagation
Gregory, S. (2010) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/10/103018 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
A Review of Theory and Practice in Scientometrics
Mingers, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2015) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.002 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Homophily and contagion are generically confounded in observational social network studies
Shalizi, C. R., & Thomas, A. C. (2011) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124111404820 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
“…of nodes, with minimal connection between clusters — has been thoroughly explored in the recent literature (explicitly in Girvan and Newman (2002); Newman and Girvan (2003); Bickel and Chen (2009); Porter et al. (2009); Fortunato (2010), implicitly in much smaller clusters in Elwert and…”
BackgroundOn variants of shortest-path betweenness centrality and their generic computation
Brandes, U. (2008) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2007.11.001 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R
Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., Mõttus, R., Waldorp, L., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.003 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Performance of modularity maximization in practical contexts
Good, B. H., de Montjoye, Y.-A., & Clauset, A. (2010) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.81.046106 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Statistical physics of vaccination
Wang, Z., Bauch, C. T., Bhattacharyya, S., d’Onofrio, A., Manfredi, P., Perc, M., Perra, N., Salathé, M., & Zhao, D. (2016) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.10.006 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Empirical comparison of algorithms for network community detection
Leskovec, J., Lang, K. J., & Mahoney, M. W. (2010) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/1772690.1772755 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Predicting Network Activity from High Throughput Metabolomics
Li, S., Park, Y. H., Duraisingham, S., Strobel, F. H., Khan, N., Soltow, Q. A., Jones, D. P., & Pulendran, B. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003123 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Mathematical formulation of multilayer networks
De Domenico, M., Solé-Ribalta, A., Cozzo, E., Kivelä, M., Moreno, Y., Porter, M. A., Gómez, S., & Arenas, A. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Structure and function of complex brain networks
Sporns, O. (2013) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2013.15.3/osporns · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Social Networks and Health: Models, Methods, and Applications
Valente, T. W. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301014.001.0001 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Controllability of structural brain networks
Gu, S., Pasqualetti, F., Cieslak, M., Telesford, Q. K., Yu, A. B., Kahn, A. E., Medaglia, J. D., Vettel, J. M., Miller, M. B., Grafton, S. T., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9414 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Mathematical Formulation of Multilayer Networks
De Domenico, M., Solé-Ribalta, A., Cozzo, E., Kivelä, M., Moreno, Y., Porter, M. A., Gómez, S., & Arenas, A. (2013) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.3.041022 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample
Beard, C., Millner, A. J., Forgeard, M. J. C., Fried, E. I., Hsu, K. J., Treadway, M. T., Leonard, C. V., Kertz, S. J., & Björgvinsson, T. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002300 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Modularity from fluctuations in random graphs and complex networks
Guimerà, R., Sales-Pardo, M., & Amaral, L. A. N. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.70.025101 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
Consensus clustering in complex networks
Lancichinetti, A., & Fortunato, S. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00336 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Spontaneous evolution of modularity and network motifs
Kashtan, N., & Alon, U. S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503610102 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Decreased segregation of brain systems across the healthy adult lifespan
Chan, M. Y., Park, D. C., Savalia, N. K., Petersen, S. E., & Wig, G. S. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415122111 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Feature Selection: A Data PerspectivePreprint
Li, J., Cheng, K., Wang, S., Morstatter, F., Treviño, R. P., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1601.07996 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Statistical properties of community structure in large social and information networks
Leskovec, J., Lang, K. J., Dasgupta, A., & Mahoney, M. W. (2008) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/1367497.1367591 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Graph clustering based on structural/attribute similarities
Zhou, Y., Cheng, H., & Yu, J. X. (2009) · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment · doi:10.14778/1687627.1687709 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Synchronization Reveals Topological Scales in Complex Networks
Arenas, À., Dı́az-Guilera, A., & Vicente, C. J. P. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.114102 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Rosvall, M., Axelsson, D., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2009) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2010-01179-1 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Social network analysis of animal behaviour: a promising tool for the study of sociality
Wey, T. W., Blumstein, D. T., Shen, W., & Jordán, F. (2008) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.020 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Xu, X., Yuruk, N., Feng, Z., & Schweiger, T. A. J. (2007) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/1281192.1281280 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
The Network Analysis of Urban Streets: A Primal Approach
Porta, S., Crucitti, P., & Latora, V. (2006) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b32045 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Hui, P., Crowcroft, J., & Yoneki, E. (2008) · ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc) · doi:10.1145/1374618.1374652 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Explicit factor models for explainable recommendation based on phrase-level sentiment analysis
Zhang, Y., Lai, G., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., & Ma, S. (2014) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2600428.2609579 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
An information-theoretic framework for resolving community structure in complex networks
Rosvall, M., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611034104 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Communities, modules and large-scale structure in networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2012) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2162 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Newman, M. E. J., & Girvan, M.
- Affiliations
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review E
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2004-02-26
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 026113-026113
- ISSN
- 1539-3755 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-2376
- OpenAlex
- W2095293504
- Cited by
- 13,931
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 370 · 2025: 648 · 2024: 663 · 2023: 685 · 2022: 816 · 2021: 872 · 2020: 880 · 2019: 963 · 2018: 988 · 2017: 803 · 2016: 888 · 2015: 781 · 2014: 844 · 2013: 787 · 2012: 655
- FWCI
- 105.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review E (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- community structure, network clustering, edge deletion, betweenness centrality, number of communities, network partitioning, complex networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
