Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms: Increasing lianas in tropical forests

Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Bongers, Frans

doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01590.x

Cited by 543Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesForest ecology and managementForest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies

Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms: Increasing lianas in tropical forests

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Schnitzer, Stefan A., Bongers, Frans·2011·Ecology Letters

DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01590.x

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Abstract

Tropical forests are experiencing large-scale structural changes, the most apparent of which may be the increase in liana (woody vine) abundance and biomass. Lianas permeate most lowland tropical forests, where they can have a huge effect on tree diversity, recruitment, growth and survival, which, in turn, can alter tree community composition, carbon storage and carbon, nutrient and water fluxes. Consequently, increasing liana abundance and biomass have potentially profound ramifications for tropical forest composition and functioning. Currently, eight studies support the pattern of increasing liana abundance and biomass in American tropical and subtropical forests, whereas two studies, both from Africa, do not. The putative mechanisms to explain increasing lianas include increasing evapotranspirative demand, increasing forest disturbance and turnover, changes in land use and fragmentation and elevated atmospheric CO₂. Each of these mechanisms probably contributes to the observed patterns of increasing liana abundance and biomass, and the mechanisms are likely to be interrelated and synergistic. To determine whether liana increases are occurring throughout the tropics and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed patterns, a widespread network of large-scale, long-term monitoring plots combined with observational and manipulative studies that more directly investigate the putative mechanisms are essential.

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In the degraded forest trajectory, feedbacks often involve competition between trees and other opportunistic plants, as well as interactions between deforestation, fire and seed limitation.
“In the ‘degraded forest’ trajectory, feedbacks often involve competition between trees and other opportunistic plants85,90,92, as well as interactions between deforestation, fire and seed limitation84,87,105.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The citation is attached to the clause about competition between trees and opportunistic plants, not the separate clause about deforestation, fire and seed limitation. The available passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic details and the keyword “below-ground competition,” but no substantive passage establishing the claimed feedback in degraded forests. Searches for tree–liana competition and degraded-forest feedbacks returned no relevant text. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Liana forests can be relatively stable because lianas self-perpetuate by causing physical damage to trees, allowing lianas to remain at high density.
“Liana forests can also be relatively stable, because lianas self-perpetuate by causing physical damage to trees, allowing lianas to remain at high density90,91.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The supplied passages contain bibliographic metadata but no discussion of liana-dominated forest stability. Further searches for physical tree damage, self-perpetuation, and feedbacks affecting liana density returned no substantive passage, so this claim cannot be checked against our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Liana forests are expected to expand with increasing aridity, disturbance regimes and CO2 fertilization.
“Liana forests are expected to expand with increasing aridity, disturbance regimes and CO2 fertilization90.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The available indexed passages contain bibliographic information and keywords, including “elevated atmospheric co2,” but no discussion of whether liana forests will expand. Searches for aridity, disturbance, CO2 fertilization, and increasing liana abundance returned no passage stating the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Logging and lianas in West Africa.
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Ewango, 2010, The liana assemblage of a Congolian rainforest. Diversity structure and function
Gentry, 1991, The Biology of Vines, 3
Körner, 2006, Forests, biodivsity and CO2: surprises are certain, Biologist, 53, 82
van der Meer, 2001, Nouragues. Dynamics and Plant Animal Relations in a Neotropical Rain Forest, 243
Opler, 1991, The Biology of Vines, 377
Rutishauser, 2011, Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: testing mechanistic explanations

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Authors: Schnitzer, S. A., & Bongers, F.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
ORCID: Schnitzer, Stefan A.
Bongers, Frans
Venue: Ecology Letters
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-02-14
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 397-406
ISSN: 1461-023X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01590.x
OpenAlex: W2148550868
Semantic Scholar: cf8e151bf39fda6d22710e250b2fd985b190b2b2
Cited by: 543
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 2.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1660 d)
Locations: Ecology Letters (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (1019436, 0613666, 0845071)
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Wageningen University and Research
Division of Environmental Biology
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Forest ecology and management
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
Keywords: lianas, liana abundance, tropical forests, forest structural change, evapotranspiration, forest disturbance, land use change, forest fragmentation, elevated CO2, tree recruitment, carbon storage, long-term monitoring plots
MeSH terms: Population Density, Trees, Tropical Climate, Ecosystem, Biomass, Magnoliopsida, Biodiversity, Carbon Cycle

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Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms: Increasing lianas in tropical forests

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