Adherence in patients transferred from immediate release metformin to a sustained release formulation: a population‐based study
Abstract
Aim: Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral agent used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is effective at reducing glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and decreasing microvascular and macrovascular disease. However, up to 25% of patients develop gastrointestinal side effects leading to cessation in 5–10% of users. Metformin XL (glucophage SR) is a once a day preparation that delays absorption, leading to decreased peak metformin concentrations. We hypothesised that the XL preparation of metformin would be better tolerated than the standard immediate release (IR) preparation leading to improved adherence to therapy. Methods: In a retrospective observational study, we studied adherence and glycaemic control in patients prescribed metformin IR and XL preparations in Tayside, UK. Results: Metformin XL was used by 137 patients during the study period. Overall adherence was greater in the XL group (80%) compared with the 10 772 patients in the IR group (72%, p = 0.0026). In the 40 patients who changed from metformin IR to metformin XL who had sufficient data to determine adherence, the adherence increased from 62% in the IR group to 81% in the XL group (p < 0.0001). This was associated with an HbA1c reduction from 9.1 to 8.4% (p = 0.0739, n = 29). Conclusions: Metformin XL use is associated with increased adherence compared with the IR preparation, although the mechanism for this cannot be determined from this study. In patients intolerant of metformin IR the XL preparation should be considered.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Metformin XR has been associated with improved tolerability and increased compliance.
“Metformin XR has been associated with improved tolerability [182] and increased compliance [183].”
From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [183]
Cites
Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy
Kahn, S. E., Haffner, S. M., Heise, M. A., Herman, W. H., Holman, R. R., Jones, N. P., Kravitz, B. G., Lachin, J. M., O'Neill, M. C., Zinman, B., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066224 · Cited by 2,962 · see citing works
Efficacy of Metformin in Type II Diabetes
Garber, A. J., Duncan, T. G., Goodman, A. M., Mills, D. J., & Rohlf, J. L. (1997) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00254-4 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Donnan, P. T., MacDonald, T. M., & Morris, A. D. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00689.x · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationMorris, A. D., Boyle, D. I., MacAlpine, R., Emslie-Smith, A. M., Jung, R. T., Newton, R. W., & MacDonald, T. M. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7107.524 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in TCF7L2 Influences Therapeutic Response to Sulfonylureas
Pearson, E. R., Donnelly, L. A., Kimber, C. H., Whitley, A. L., Doney, A. S. F., McCarthy, M. I., Hattersley, A. T., Morris, A. D., & Palmer, C. N. A. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0440 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationBMA (2003) · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Blonde, L., DAILEY, G. E., Jabbour, S. A., Reasner, C. A., & Mills, D. J. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079904125003278 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Extended-Release Metformin Formulation
Timmins, P., Donahue, S., Meeker, J. B., & Marathe, P. (2005) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200544070-00004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Fujioka, K., Brazg, R. L., Raz, I., Bruce, S., Joyal, S., Swanink, R., & Pans, M. (2005) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00369.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fujioka, K., Pans, M., & Joyal, S. V. (2003) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80093-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kardas, P. (2004) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00462.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Tayside Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO): A record-linkage system for pharmacovigilance
Evans, J. M. M., McDevitt, D. G., & MacDonald, T. M. (1995) · Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gao, H., Xiao, W., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Yang, J. O., Yang, W., & Hong, T. (2008) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01733.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
KDIGO 2020 Clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease
de Boer, I. H., Caramori, M. L., Chan, J. C. N., Heerspink, H. J. L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., Liew, A., Michos, E. D., Navaneethan, S. D., Olowu, W. A., et al. (2020) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.019 · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease
Rossing, P., Caramori, M. L., Chan, J. C. N., Heerspink, H. J. L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., Liew, A., Michos, E. D., Navaneethan, S. D., Olowu, W. A., et al. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Metformin—mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer
Pernicova, I., & Korbonits, M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.256 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Adherence to Therapies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
García‐Pérez, L., Álvarez, M., Dilla, T., Gil-Guillén, V. F., & Orozco‐Beltrán, D. (2013) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-013-0034-y · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Rojas, L. B. A., & Gomes, M. B. (2013) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-6 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?
Rena, G., Pearson, E. R., & Sakamoto, K. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrie, J. R., Chaturvedi, N., Ford, I., Brouwers, M. C. G. J., Greenlaw, N., Tillin, T., Hramiak, I., Hughes, A. D., Jenkins, A. J., Klein, B. E. K., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30194-8 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Understanding and overcoming metformin gastrointestinal intolerance
Bonnet, F., & Scheen, A. J. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12854 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Sikirica, M., Martin, A., Wood, R., Leith, A., Piercy, J., & Higgins, V. (2017) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s141235 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris prevents hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
Ma, L., Zhang, S., & Du, M. (2015) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.011 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Metformin: New Preparations and Nonglycemic Benefits
Fujita, Y., & Inagaki, N. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0829-8 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Advantages of Extended-Release Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jabbour, S. A., & Ziring, B. S. (2011) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2241 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Metformin for diabetes prevention: update of the evidence base
Gottwald‐Hostalek, U., & Campbell, I. W. (2021) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1955667 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Barnett, A. H., Patel, S., Harper, R., Toorawa, R., Thiemann, S., von Eynatten, M., & Woerle, H. J. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Difficulty adhering to antidiabetic treatment: Factors associated with persistence and compliance
Guénette, L., Moisan, J., Breton, M. ‐., Sirois, C., & Grégoire, J. (2013) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.12.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Levy, J., Cobas, R. A., & Gomes, M. B. (2010) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-2-16 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tiktin, M., Çelik, S. G., & Berard, L. (2015) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2015.1119677 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tan, J., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Shi, Q., Zhou, X., Zhou, Y., Yang, X., Chen, P., & Li, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.669814 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Aggarwal, N., Singla, A., Mathieu, C., Montanya, E., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., JOHNSSON, E. K., Zhao, J., Iqbal, N., & Bailey, C. J. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13104 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Management of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Hypoglycaemic Agents
Tsang, M.-W. (2012) · ISRN Endocrinology · doi:10.5402/2012/478120 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors associated with adherence to non-insulin antidiabetes treatments
Guénette, L., Breton, M.-C., Guillaumie, L., Lauzier, S., Grégoire, J., & Moisan, J. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.10.016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Metformin: diamonds are forever
Παπάνας, Ν., Maltezos, E. S., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903176453 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Silverii, G. A. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15749 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Solini, A., & Tricò, D. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15729 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Tan, M. H., Alquraini, H., Mizokami‐Stout, K., & MacEachern, M. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zaharenko, L., Kalniņa, I., Geldnere, K., Konrāde, I., Grı̄nberga, S., Židzik, J., Javorský, M., Lejnieks, A., Ņikitina-Zaķe, L., Frīdmanis, D., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0347 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kim, C., Han, K. A., Oh, H. J., Tan, K. E. K., Sothiratnam, R., Tjokroprawiro, A., & Klein, M. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00220.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Hormetic Effect of Metformin: “Less Is More”?
Panfoli, I., Puddu, A., Bertola, N., Ravera, S., & Maggi, D. C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126297 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ji, L., Liu, J., Yang, J., Li, Y., Liang, L., Zhu, D., Li, Q., Ma, T., Xu, H., Yang, Y., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13190 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Metformin transporter pharmacogenomics: insights into drug disposition—where are we now?
Chan, P., Shao, L., Tomlinson, B., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z.-M. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2018.1541981 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flory, J., Keating, S. J., Siscovick, D. S., & Mushlin, A. I. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021505 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
New Perspectives in Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment Goals
Wysham, C. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.05.2142 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Metformin: A Review of Its Use in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Παπάνας, Ν., & Maltezos, E. S. (2009) · Clinical Medicine Therapeutics · doi:10.4137/cmt.s1085 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reducing the Burden of Diabetes Treatment: A Review of Low-cost Oral Hypoglycemic Medications
Vaughan, E. M., Rueda, J. J., Samson, S. L., & Hyman, D. J. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399816666200206112318 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evolving Metformin Treatment Strategies in Type-2 Diabetes
Chacra, A. R. (2012) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0b013e318235f1bb · Cited by 18 · see citing works
What is new in the landscape of insulin-sensitizing agents for polycystic ovary syndrome treatment
Romualdi, D., Versace, V., & Lanzone, A. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/2633494120908709 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Overcoming barriers to the use of metformin: patient and provider perspectives
Flory, J., Keating, S. J., Guelce, D., & Mushlin, A. I. (2019) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s211614 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gout-Zwart, J. J., de Jong, L. A., Saptenno, L., & Postma, M. J. (2019) · PharmacoEconomics - Open · doi:10.1007/s41669-019-00179-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meyers, A. G., Hudson, J., Cravalho, C. K. L., Matta, S. T., VILLALOBOS-PEREZ, A., Cogen, F. R., & Chung, S. T. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13148 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
BAJAJ, H. S., Ye, C., Jain, E., Venn, K., Stein, E., & Aronson, R. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Personalized Medicine: the Impact on Chemistry
Watkins, J., Marsh, A., Taylor, P. C., & Singer, D. R. J. (2010) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.10.64 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
REDUCED OUT-OF-POCKET COSTS AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE – A POPULATION-BASED STUDY
Yao, S., Lix, L. M., Shevchuk, Y. M., Teare, G. F., & Blackburn, D. F. (2018) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.22374/1710-6222.25.1.1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Musee, C. M., Omondi, D. O., & Odiwuor, W. H. (2016) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Single- and Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetics of a Lorcaserin Extended-release Tablet
Christopher, R. J., Morgan, M., Ferry, J., Rege, B., Tang, Y. M., Kristensen, A., & Shanahan, W. R. (2016) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.016 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Iglay, K., Sawhney, B., Fu, A. Z., Fernandes, G. F., Crutchlow, M. F., Rajpathak, S. N., & Khunti, K. K. (2019) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.107 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adherence and Non-Adherence to Treatments: Focus on Pharmacy Practice in Nepal
Bastakoti, S. (2013) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2013/4872.2905 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flory, J., & Mushlin, A. I. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2426 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gebregergish, S. B., Hashim, M., Heeg, B. M. S., Wilke, T., Rauland, M., & Gottwald‐Hostalek, U. (2019) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1080/14737167.2020.1688146 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kim, J. D., Park, C., Cha, B. Y., Ahn, K. J., Kim, I. J., Park, K. S., Lee, H. W., Min, K., Won, J. C., Chung, M. Y., et al. (2018) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.04.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Juszczyk, E., Kisło, K., Żero, P., Tratkiewicz, E., Wieczorek, M., Paszkowska, J., Banach, G., Staniszewska, M., Hoc, D., Garbacz, G., et al. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13060804 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modern aspects for preventive therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Салухов, В. В., & Romashevskiĭ, B. V. (2019) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2019-4-6-13 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, C., Tang, S., An, K., Zhang, S., Zhou, Y., Su, N., Yang, R., Liao, X., An, Z., & Li, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.634561 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ramadori, G. P. (2025) · Livers · doi:10.3390/livers5030035 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comparison of conventional and sustained-release formulation of metformin in type 2 diabetics
Ghorpade, V. V., Hiray, R. S., Daswani, B., & Ghongane, B. B. (2016) · International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20160654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(2022) · Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Reports · doi:10.38207/jcmphr/2022/mar03030444 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
New clinical data with metformin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus
Jermendy, G. (2010) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2010.29005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kahal, H. (2013) · Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Goldenberg, R., Cheng, W., Bell, A., Burrows, M., Blavignac, J., Paron, E., Fils‐Aimé, N., & Barakat, M. (2020) · Journal of Hypertension and Management · doi:10.23937/2474-3690/1510053 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kizza, N. R., Bukke, S. P. N., Yahaya, U.-K. H., & Bot, Y. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1735314 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kumar, J., Kumar, D. S., Vandana, Nag, D. P. S., & Kumar, A. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-13731922 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Goldenberg, R., Bell, A., Cheng, W., Fils‐Aimé, N., Burrows, M., Blavignac, J., Paron, E., & Barakat, M. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108416 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jairoun, A. A., Al‐Hemyari, S. S., Shahwan, M. J., Hassan, N. A. G. M., Zyoud, S. H., Jaber, A. A. S., & Al‐Qirim, T. M. (2023) · Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/11795514231203913 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alshadfan, H., Mirghani, H. O., Alrasheed, T., & Abdullah, M. N. H. (2025) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2025.11.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optimising the Use of Metformin for Diabetes Prevention
Hostalek, U., Gwilt, M., & Campbell, I. (2018) · Diabetes & its Complications · doi:10.33425/2639-9326.1029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ramadori, G. P. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202412.1089.v2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the principles of drug distribution and excretion
Greener, M. (2009) · Nurse Prescribing · doi:10.12968/npre.2009.7.4.41710
Moleculair werkingsmechanisme van metformine: oude of nieuwe inzichten?
Rena, G., Pearson, E. R., & Sakamoto, K. (2013) · Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s12467-013-0061-3
Self-citationWadher, K., & Kakde, R. B. (2011)
Maloney, M. (2016) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Novikov, I. V., & Kulikov, A. Y. (2016) · Pharmacoeconomics theory and practice · doi:10.30809/phe.1.2016.36
Communicating risk information about diabetic retinopathy to people with type 2 diabetes
Al-Athamneh, N. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33757909
Current literature in diabetes
(2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1037
Zhou, K., & Pearson, E. R. (2011) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.11.30
Self-citationDahha, M. B., Alahmadi, G. A., & Dahha, B. M. (2026) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2026.02.003
Exploring Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Mucilage as a Natural Excipient for Sustained Metformin Release
Kizza, N. R., Bukke, S. P. N., Yahaya, U.-K. H., & Sunday, B. Y. (2026) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x261442261
Meri, A. E., Meri, A. D., Resende, K. A., Miranda, M. I. C., SOUZA, M. O. S., Baldoni, A. O., Sanches, C., Gomes, A. J. P. S., & de Castro, W. V. (2026) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202620250312
AMTSIF, A., Zermane, F., Cheknane, B., Djellouli, S., & Douba, H. (2026) · Cellulose Chemistry and Technology · doi:10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2026.60.50
Meri, A. E., Batista, E. C. C., Meri, A. D., Pereira, A. C. L. G. C., Carlos, F. D. M., Belo, V. S., Gomes, A. J. P. S., Sanches, C., Woo, S., Baldoni, A. O., et al. (2026) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci14060621
- Authors
- Donnelly, L. A., Morris, A. D., & Pearson, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pearson, E. R.
- Venue
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-24
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 338-342
- ISSN
- 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-1326
- OpenAlex
- W2041179090
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NHS Education for Scotland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- metformin, sustained-release formulation, medication adherence, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, gastrointestinal adverse effects, drug intolerance, formulation switching
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Delayed-Action Preparations, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Medical Record Linkage, Metformin, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Retrospective Studies, Scotland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
