Why (not) alcohol energy drinks? A qualitative study with Australian university students
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Alcohol energy drinks (AEDs) are a recent entry to the ready-to-drink market, but there is an absence of research into the reasons young people consume these products and their consumption-related experiences. The aim of the current study was to investigate university students' perceptions of, and experiences with, pre-mixed AEDs. DESIGN AND METHODS: Four focus groups with undergraduate university students in a large regional city in New South Wales; with transcripts coded for key themes. RESULTS: Participants reported a number of benefits of AED consumption, many of which were similar to other ready-to-drinks, such as taste and image. However, the primary benefits of AEDs related to their capacity to wake the drinker up at the beginning of the evening and facilitate partying and drinking over a longer period. Many of the participants reported experiencing or observing negative effects from drinking AEDs, some quite severe, but this did not appear to act as a deterrent to their consumption. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Given the popularity and perceived benefits of AEDs-and evidence from previous research that their consumption is associated with increases in intoxication levels, risky behaviours and harmful alcohol-related consequences-there is a need to consider a range of strategies to reduce harmful consumption of AEDs. While educational interventions may be of benefit, there is also a role for regulation of the packaging and marketing of a product that is associated with substantial harms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In 2010, the FDA removed pre-mixed alcohol-energy drinks from the market because caffeine was determined to be an unsafe additive to alcohol, in part because it promoted excessive drinking.
“In 2010, the FDA removed pre-mixed alcohol-energy drinks from the market because caffeine was determined to be an unsafe additive to alcohol,4 in part because it promoted excessive drinking (222).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [222]
Cites
Focus Groups as Qualitative Research
Morgan, D. (1997) · doi:10.4135/9781412984287 · Cited by 8,863 · see citing works
The Constant Comparative Method of Qualitative Analysis
Glaser, B. G. (1965) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/798843 · Cited by 4,937 · see citing works
Focus Groups as Qualitative Research
Kawamura, H., & Morgan, D. L. (1998) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/330238 · Cited by 2,822 · see citing works
Proctor, R. W., & Capaldi, E. J. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470773994.ch8 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
O’Brien, M. C., McCoy, T. P., Rhodes, S. D., Wagoner, A. L., & Wolfson, M. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00085.x · Cited by 516 · see citing works
‘Binge’ drinking, British alcohol policy and the new culture of intoxication
Measham, F. C., & Brain, K. (2005) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659005057641 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
McKnight, J. R., Satterfield, M. C., Jobgen, W. S., Smith, S. B., Spencer, T. E., Meininger, C. J., McNeal, C. J., & Wu, G. (2010) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0598-z · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Effects of Energy Drink Ingestion on Alcohol Intoxication
Ferreira, S. E., de Mello, M. T., Pompéia, S., & Formigoni, M. L. O. D. S. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00070.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Event-level analyses of energy drink consumption and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons
Thombs, D. L., O'Mara, R. J., Tsukamoto, M., Rossheim, M. E., Weiler, R. M., Merves, M. L., & Goldberger, B. A. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.11.004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being
Seidl, R., Peyrl, A., Nicham, R., & Hauser, E. (2000) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s007260070013 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The new policy mix: Alcohol, harm minimisation, and determined drunkenness in contemporary society
Measham, F. C. (2006) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.02.013 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Oteri, A., Salvo, F., Caputi, A. P., & Calapai, G. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00464.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.450 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: International experience and evidence on effects
Wilkinson, C., & Room, R. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00055.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Young people, alcohol, and designer drinks: quantitative and qualitative study
Hughes, K., MacKintosh, A. M., Hastings, G., Wheeler, C., Watson, J., & Inglis, J. H. C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7078.414 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Intoxication, harm and pleasure: an analysis of the Australian National Alcohol Strategy
Keane, H. (2009) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581590802350957 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of an "energy drink" given to sleepy drivers
Horne, J. A., & Reyner, L. A. (2001) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s007260170068 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Alcohol, Energy Drinks, and Youth: A Dangerous Mix
Simon, M., Mosher, J. F., Fried, E. J., Hill, A., Murphy, J., Thomas, S., & Hauck, A. (2007) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Review * The impact of alcopops on adolescent drinking: a literature review
Metzner, C., & Kraus, L. (2007) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm148 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Young Australians and the staging of intoxication and self-control
Lindsay, J. (2009) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676260902866520 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Copeland, J., Stevenson, R. J., Gates, P., & Dillon, P. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01970.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gates, P., Copeland, J., Stevenson, R. J., & Dillon, P. (2006) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl113 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
RTDs in Australia: Expensive designer drinks or cheap rocket fuel?
Jones, S. C., & Barrie, L. R. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00181.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing drug‐related harm: Australia leads the way
Ritter, A. J., WODAK, A. D., & Crofts, J. N. (2004) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06260.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review
Temple, J. L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S. E., Czachor, J. D., Westphal, J. A., & Mestre, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Visram, S., Cheetham, M., Riby, D. M., Crossley, S. J., & Lake, A. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Physical and mental health perspectives of first year undergraduate rural university students
Hussain, R., Guppy, M., Robertson, S., & Temple, E. C. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-848 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of the effects of mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol
McKetin, R., Coen, A., & Kaye, S. S. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.047 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Patron offending and intoxication in night-time entertainment districts (POINTED): A study protocol
Miller, P. G., Pennay, A. E., Jenkinson, R., Droste, N., Chikritzhs, T. N., Tomsen, S., Wadds, P., Jones, S. C., Palmer, D., Barrie, L. R., et al. (2013) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.74 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPennay, A. E., & Lubman, D. I. (2012) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-369 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
CONNAUGHTON, V. P., & Clayman, C. L. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666211111142027 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ghozayel, M. H., Ghaddar, A., Farhat, G. N., Nasreddine, L., Kara, J., & Jomaa, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232199 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Maintaining or changing a drinking behavior? GOKA's short-term outcomes
Rundle-Thiele, S. R., Schuster, L., Dietrich, T., Russell‐Bennett, R., Drennan, J. C., Leo, C., & Connor, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.015 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Droste, N., Tonner, L., Zinkiewicz, L., Pennay, A. E., Lubman, D. I., & Miller, P. G. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12438 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Implications of sleep and energy drink use for health disparities
Grandner, M. A., Knutson, K. L., Troxel, W., Hale, L. E., Jean‐Louis, G., & Miller, K. E. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12137 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse
Fritz, B. M., Companion, M. A., & Boehm, S. L. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12472 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Eckschmidt, F., de Andrade, A. G., dos Santos, B., & de Oliveira, L. G. (2013) · Traffic Injury Prevention · doi:10.1080/15389588.2012.755261 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pennay, A. E., Cheetham, A., Droste, N., Miller, P. G., Lloyd, B. K., Pennay, D., Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., & Lubman, D. I. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12764 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Speroni, J., Fanniff, A. M., Edgemon, J. M., Martini, V., & Haas, A. L. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102319 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Varvil‐Weld, L., Marzell, M., Turrisi, R., Mallett, K. A., & Cleveland, M. J. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Caffeine in the Alcohol Consumption Behaviors of College Students
Cobb, C. O., Nasim, A., Jentink, K. G., & Blank, M. D. (2013) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.835763 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Caffeine Consumption Habits of New Zealand Tertiary Students
Stachyshyn, S., Ali, A., Wham, C. A., Knightbridge-Eager, T., & Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051493 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Patron Offending and Intoxication in Night-Time Entertainment Districts (POINTED)
Miller, P. G., Pennay, A. E., Droste, N., Jenkinson, R., Quinn, B., Chikritzhs, T. N., Tomsen, S., Wadds, P., Jones, S. C., Palmer, D., et al. (2014) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFritz, B. M., Quoilin, C., Kasten, C. R., Smoker, M. P., & Boehm, S. L. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13089 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Caffeinated alcohol consumption profiles and associations with use severity and outcome expectancies
Lau‐Barraco, C., Milletich, R. J., & Linden, A. N. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with alcohol among college students.
Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000506 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A qualitative review of psychosocial risk factors associated with caffeinated alcohol use.
Linden, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0036334 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Miller, K. E., Quigley, B. M., Eliseo‐Arras, R. K., & Ball, N. J. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12921 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Caffeinated and non-caffeinated alcohol use and indirect aggression: The impact of self-regulation
Sheehan, B. E., Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: Daily Context of Use
Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13357 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dumbili, E. W., & Williams, C. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1202930 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-reported physiological and psychological side-effects of an acute alcohol and energy drink dose
Peacock, A., Bruno, R., Martin, F. H., & Carr, A. R. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bebidas cafeínadas energizantes: efectos neurológicos y cardiovasculares
Universidad, C. E. S., Manrique, C., Hoyos, C. L. A., Universidad, C. E. S., Pareja, D. A. G., & Universidad, C. E. S. (2018) · IATREIA · doi:10.17533/udea.iatreia.v31n1a06 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Typology of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Consumers: Motivations for Use
Peacock, A., Droste, N., Pennay, A. E., Miller, P. G., Lubman, D. I., & Bruno, R. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12729 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Droste, N., Miller, P. G., Pennay, A. E., Zinkiewicz, L., & Lubman, D. I. (2016) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Caffeinated Alcohol Use and Expectancies for Caffeine Versus Alcohol
Lau‐Barraco, C., & Linden, A. N. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.891619 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Factors influencing young people's use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks
Pettigrew, S., Biagioni, N., Jones, S. C., Stafford, J., Chikritzhs, T. N., & Daube, M. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.037 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol mixed with energy drinks: what about taurine?
Tarragón, E., Calleja‐Conde, J., Giné, E., Segovia‐Rodríguez, L., Durán‐González, P., & Echeverry‐Alzate, V. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05705-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Droste, N., Peacock, A., Bruno, R., Pennay, A. E., Zinkiewicz, L., Lubman, D. I., & Miller, P. G. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.031 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring responses to differing message content of pictorial alcohol warning labels
Hassan, L. M., Parry, S., & Shiu, E. M. K. (2022) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12779 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Robins, M. T., DeFriel, J. N., & van Rijn, R. M. (2016) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.05.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Energy drink expectancies among college students
Luneke, A. C., Glassman, T., Dake, J. A., Blavos, A. A., Thompson, A. J., & Kruse‐Diehr, A. J. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1790569 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vida, K., & Rácz, J. (2014) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, K., Liu, W., Wu, C., Wang, L., Huang, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, H., Shang, Y., Zhang, L., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30907 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The right place at the right time: The social contexts of combined alcohol and energy drink use
Droste, N., Pennay, A. E., Lubman, D. I., Zinkiewicz, L., Peacock, A., & Miller, P. G. (2016) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.3109/09687637.2016.1156650 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity
Pennay, A. E., & Lubman, D. I. (2012) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja12.10211 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Scoping Review on Energy Drink Consumption Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Andrade, F. R. T., Thalheimer, G., Hidalgo, S. V., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2023) · Graduate Student Journal of Psychology · doi:10.52214/gsjp.v21i.11906 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cheng, W., Lin, C., Cheng, Y., & Huang, M. (2017) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2634 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alcohol mixed energy drink usage and risk-taking among college students in Western New York State
Graczyk, A. M., Leone, L. A., Orom, H., Ziegler, A. M., Crandall, A. K., Klasko-Foster, L. B., & Temple, J. L. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1817036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sleep and mental wellbeing: exploring the links
Bartel, K., Richardson, C. E., & Gradisar, M. (2018) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
M ore A ustralian research needed into alcohol and energy drinks
Pennay, A. E., & Lubman, D. I. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00483.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alcohol Mixed With Energy Drinks and Sexually Related Causes of Conflict in the Barroom
Ball, N. J., Miller, K. E., Quigley, B. M., & Eliseo‐Arras, R. K. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518774298 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Proportion as a metric of problematic alcohol-energy drink consumption in college students
Haas, A. L., Beard, C. L., & McKenna, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2016.1271037 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Miller, K. E., Dermen, K. H., & Lucke, J. F. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13402 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An epidemic of energy? The case for stronger action on ‘energy drinks’
Cowie, G. A., & Bolam, B. (2015) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12365 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pennay, A. E., Peacock, A., Droste, N., Miller, P. G., Bruno, R., Wadds, P., Tomsen, S., & Lubman, D. I. (2018) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp2831817 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Consumo de bebidas energizantes con alcohol, una mezcla arriesgada
Iglesias-Lepine, M. L., Epelde, F., Espinosa, J., & Mariñosa, M. (2013) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2012.11.009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Picard-Masson, M., Loslier, J., Paquin, P., & Bertrand, K. (2015) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/1032270ar · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cheng, W., & Cheng, Y. (2015) · 臺灣精神醫學 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Energy Drinks Consumption in a Population of Youth and Young Adults in Argentina
de Falke, S. C., & Degrossi, M. C. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Letter to the Editor in Response to The Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks Debate: Masking the Facts!
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Preliminary Investigation of Caffeinated Alcohol Use During Spring Break
Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1155617 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Population characteristics and behavior of caffeinated alcoholic beverage consumption
Cheng, W. J. (2016) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000131 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alcohol and Energy Drinks: Motivations, Drinking Behaviours and Associated Risks
Brache, K. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cholesterol and Caffeine Modulate Alcohol Actions on Cerebral Arteries and Brain
Bukiya, A. N., & Dopico, A. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805373-7.00030-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dumbili, E. W. (2015) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks and Intoxication
Droste, N., Pennay, A. E., Peacock, A., & Miller, P. G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35284-4_6
Physical activity and lifestyle habits of male undergraduate students
Walraven, B. (2018)
Energy Drinks: Topical Domain in the Emerging Literature and Neglected Areas of Research.
Piotrowski, C. (2014) · College student journal
McCrory, C. (2015) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
- Authors
- JONES, S. C., BARRIE, L., & BERRY, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- JONES, SANDRA C.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-05-24
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-287
- ISSN
- 0959-5236 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3362
- OpenAlex
- W2144227494
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- university students, hazardous drinking, Australian university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholic Beverages, Australia, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk-Taking, Students, Universities, Focus Groups, Qualitative Research, Energy Drinks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
