The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stated Expectations as Functions of Probability and Desirability of Outcomes
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, this lower risk perception might result in a laxer precautionary stance (Optimistic Bias Theory; Irwin, 1953).”
From The privacy paradox – investigating discrepancies between expressed privacy concerns and actual online behavior – a systematic literature review (2017) · cites this paper as Irwin, 1953
In the citing paper
“Individuals have a tendency to underestimate the likelihood of experiencing adverse events.”
From The privacy paradox – investigating discrepancies between expressed privacy concerns and actual online behavior – a systematic literature review (2017) · cites this paper as Irwin, 1953
Citations
Cites
An Experimental Measurement of Utility
Mosteller, F. C., & Nogee, P. (1951) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/257106 · Cited by 497
An Experimental Measurement of Utility
Mosteller, F. C., & Nogee, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44956-2_11 · Cited by 420
THE EFFECT OF PROBABILITY, DESIRABILITY, AND "PRIVILEGE" ON THE STATED EXPECTATIONS OF CHILDREN*
Marks, R. W. (1951) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1951.tb01107.x · Cited by 234
Grant, D. A., Hake, H. W., & Hornseth, J. P. (1951) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054051 · Cited by 206
Probability as a determiner of rat behavior.
Brunswik, E. (1939) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0061204 · Cited by 177
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Unrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991
Metadata
- Authors
- IRWIN, F. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- IRWIN, FRANCIS W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1953-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 329-335
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2107175898
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- outcome probability, outcome expectations, subjective probability
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Humans, Motivation, Probability
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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