The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mother–Child Bookreading in Low-Income Families: Correlates and Outcomes During the First Three Years of Life
Open accessAbstract
About half of 2,581 low-income mothers reported reading daily to their children. At 14 months, the odds of reading daily increased by the child being firstborn or female. At 24 and 36 months, these odds increased by maternal verbal ability or education and by the child being firstborn or of Early Head Start status. White mothers read more than did Hispanic or African American mothers. For English-speaking children, concurrent reading was associated with vocabulary and comprehension at 14 months, and with vocabulary and cognitive development at 24 months. A pattern of daily reading over the 3 data points for English-speaking children and daily reading at any 1 data point for Spanish-speaking children predicted children's language and cognition at 36 months. Path analyses suggest reciprocal and snowballing relations between maternal bookreading and children's vocabulary.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In this way, early parent–child book sharing and positive literacy outcomes are thought to be reciprocally related, with a “snowballing” effect in which benefits accumulate and gain momentum throughout child development [106,107].”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [107]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Book sharing facilitates interest in reading and advanced language skills, which, in turn, influence continued engagement in reading activities, enhanced school readiness, and childhood academic achievement [106,107].”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [107]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“studies have shown increased risk for dental caries, other health concerns, and lower levels of school readiness and academic achievement in lower SES children and families [1,97,107].”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [107]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A bedtime routine that includes appropriate nutrition, hygiene, and communication-related activities may be critical in health promotion for these children, given that studies have shown increased risk for dental caries, other health concerns, and lower levels of school readiness and academic achievement in lower SES children and families [1,97,107].”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [107]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pearson, P. D., Barr, (. E., Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., & Barr, R. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5764 · Cited by 6,850
Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children
National Research Council (1998) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/6023 · Cited by 5,541
Variability in Early Communicative Development
Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Bates, E., Thal, D. J., Pethick, S. J., Tomasello, M., Mervis, C. B., & Stiles, J. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166093 · Cited by 2,790
Hoff, E. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00612 · Cited by 2,346
Parental Involvement in the Development of Children’s Reading Skill: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Sénéchal, M., & LeFevre, J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00417 · Cited by 2,203
Bus, A. G., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Pellegrini, A. D. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065001001 · Cited by 2,063
The effect of the infant on its caregiver
Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,428
Emergent Literacy: Writing and Reading
Teale, W. H., & Sulzby, E. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,361
Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Bayley, N. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,328
Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised
Leighton, C. R. (1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e500812010-005 · Cited by 1,315
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 2002, A descriptive study of Head Start families: FACES 1997 (Tech Rep. I)
- Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 2002, Making a difference in the lives of infants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of Early Head Start
- Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF), 2001, Building their futures: How Early Head Start programs are enhancing the lives of infants and toddlers in low-income families
- Anderson, 1980, Low-income preschool literacy experiences, The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 2, 59
- Britto, 2001, Beyond shared book reading, New Directions of Child Development, 92, 71
- Britto, 2002, Childrearing in America: Challenges facing parents with young children, 117
- Brooks-Gunn, 1993, Enhancing the development of low birthweight, premature infants, Child Development, 64, 736, 10.2307/1131215 · DOI
- Clay, 1979, Reading: Patterning of complex behavior
- De Temple, 2003, On reading books to children: Teachers and parents, 16
- Dunn, 1986, Examiner's manual for the Test de Vocabulario en Images Peabody (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) Adaptacion Hispanoamericana (Hispanic American adaptation)
- Garcia-Coll, 1995, Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting, 189
- National Academy of Education, Commission on Reading, 1985, Becoming a nation of readers
- Nord, 1999, Home literacy activities and signs of children's emergent literacy 1993 and 1999 (NCES Publication No. 2000-026 Rev.)
- Sanson, 1995, Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4: Social conditions and applied parenting, 299
- Snow, 1987, Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen, Special 2, 123
- Snow, 1986, Emergent literacy: Reading and writing, 116
- Teale, 1986, Emergent literacy: Writing and reading, 173
- Woodcock, 1990, Woodcock–Johnson Psychoeducational Battery—revised
- Woodcock, 2001, Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey: Normative update, English form
- Woodcock, 2001, Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey: Normative update, Spanish form
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 713
Lee, M. C., & Yeo, K. J. (2012)
Parental literacy behavior and engagement in homes of dual-language learners: A mixed methods study
Plata-Potter, S. I. (2012) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perceptions in Early Childhood Intervention Partnership
Schumacher, R. (2013) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago)
Who's Who in Kindergarten Literacy Skill Groups: What Really Matters?
Mitchell, E. I. (2015) · doi:10.7916/d8t72gjm
Cremers, L. M. C. J., Lambermont, F. W. M., van Ommen, M., & Vlot, A. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Implementation of Interventions to Promote School Readiness
Welsh, J. A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013949.015
Carson, C. J. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Developing Vocabulary in Young Bilingual Children
Washington, P. S. (2015)
Hutchison, L. A., & Winsler, A. (2008)
Bono, E. D., Francesconi, M., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2013) · Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)
Kabrich, C. M. (2012) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
The study of predictive factors of reading in low-performing readers in an urban setting.
Caldwell, R. (2009) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/197
Researching Early Childhood Education: Voices from Malta
Clough, P., Nutbrown, C., Kitchen, K., & Midolo, M. (2012)
The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Parents’ Dialogicality
Cengiz, Ö. (2016) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2016.74071
Sebastian, R. I., & Raikes, H. (2016) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Self-citationIntelligenz und schulische Leistungen
Siegler, R. S., Eisenberg, N., DeLoache, J. S., & Saffran, J. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47028-2_8
Exploring Maternal Emotion Masking as a Contribution to Kindergartener's Emotion Regulation
Donohue, E. (2016) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Effects of health and education policy on child development
Reynolds, A. J., Rolnick, A. J., & Temple, J. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139814805.021
DEVELOPING INDEPENDENT NARRATION
McCabe, A., Bailey, A. L., & Melzi, G. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815669.009
Aktivnosti usmjerene osnaživanju nepismenih roditelja romske djece
Vrtarić, M. K. (2016) · Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja · doi:10.31299/hrri.52.1.11
An Exploration of Environmental Influences on Elementary School Attainment in Rural Guatemala.
England, D. E. (2016) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction For Kindergarten Students
Davis, M. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Language and Parenting: Minority Languages in North America
McCabe, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6_13
Concept of initial literacy in preschool children
Vranić, I. (2015) · Godisnjak Uciteljskog fakulteta u Vranju · doi:10.5937/gufv1506345v
Donno, A. D., Fenaroli, V., & Saita, E. (2017) · PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE · doi:10.3280/pds2017-003001
Social Science and Education Research
Morsy, L., & Rothstein, R. I. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0040
The Influence of Picture Book on Emergent Literacy of Preschool Children
Ratnasari, E. M., & Zubaidah, E. (2018) · International Conference on Early Childhood Education: Semarang Early Childhood Research and Education Talks (SECRET) · doi:10.2991/secret-18.2018.11
Didactic Games - Fundamental Teaching Activity in Preschool Education
(2018) · International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education · doi:10.20431/2349-0381.0511004
Predictors of literacy practices in rural African American families
Addy, N. D. A. (2012) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/y4ak-db73
Ten Early Words of Infants Aged Twelve to Eighteen Months in Twi
Brown, B. (2018)
Addy, N. D. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/6fk1-6m92
5. Childhood Autism and Sign Communication
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.05
2. Use of Manual Signs and Gestures by Hearing Persons
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.02
9. Application and Use of the Simplified Sign System with Persons with Disabilities
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.09
Simplified Signs: A Manual Sign-Communication System for Special Populations, Volume 1
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020)
4. Sign Communication in Persons with an Intellectual Disability or with Cerebral Palsy
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.04
3. Deaf Persons and Sign Languages
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.03 · Cited by 1
8. Development of the Simplified Sign System
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.08
7. Use of Manual Signs and Gestures by Hearing Persons
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.07
Szabó‐Morvai, Á. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3345565
Okul Öncesi Dönemde Evde Okuma Süreci: Aile Beklentilerine Yönelik Bir Durum Çalışması
Cengiz, G. Ş. T., & Bal, M. (2020) · Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.16916/aded.786846
Koraszülöttek nyelvi fejlődésének jellemzőI, rizikótényezőI és a korrigált életkor
Varga, Z., Szabó, M., & Csépe, V. (2020) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2020.00017 · Cited by 4
Eisazadeh, N. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Barg, K., & Klein, M. (2021) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/m7uhw
Head Start parents' perceptions of family literacy activities
Summers, S. (2020)
Vocabulary Development through Shared Storybook Reading with Preschool Parents
Requa, M. K. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Language and Literacy: SES and Strategies to Promote Development
Becker, K. (2014) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)
Haq, Z. U. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Gromoske, A. N. (2013) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
Introduction and Overview: Intergenerational Mobility in the Modern Era
Kimmel, J. (2022) · Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) · doi:10.17848/978088099.ch1
A Comparison of U.S. Parents’ Time with Children by Child Gender and Family Structure
Connelly, R. (2022) · Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) · doi:10.17848/978088099.ch2 · Cited by 1
Behavioral Insights, Parental Decision Making, and Investments in Children’s Development
Kalil, A., & Mayer, S. E. (2022) · Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) · doi:10.17848/978088099.ch3
(2010) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2010.00571.x
Error in Byline in: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Childhood Obesity in Pediatric Practice
(2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.5.417
Bonvillian, J. D., & Bonvillian, W. B. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.10
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.11
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.12
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.01
Bilingualism in Clinical Linguistics
Hammer, C. S., & Edmonds, L. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.020
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.031
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.029
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.030
Angermeyer, P. S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.008
Bilingualism in Neurolinguistics
Hernández, A. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.024
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.032
The Education Status and Sociocultural Perspectives of Latinos
Durán, L., Chávez, C., Wackerle-Hollman, A. K., & Zyskind, K. (2022) · Critical cultural studies of childhood · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14470-7_10
EFEITOS DA LEITURA COMPARTILHADA E CONTAÇÃO DE ESTÓRIAS NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA LINGUAGEM EM BEBÊS
Ferreira, K. A. S., Morais, R. L. D. S., Santos, J. N., & Martins, J. M. (2022) · e-Mosaicos · doi:10.12957/e-mosaicos.2022.52755
The Role of Picture Book Reading in New Words Learning of Primary School Children in the First Grade
郄, 雅. (2023) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2023.134194
Multiple Imputation for Compositional Data (MICoDa) Adjusting for Covariates
Saha, A., Putnick, D. L., Huang, L., Yeung, E. H., Sundaram, R., & Peddada, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32729-2_8
Mailasari, D. U., & Herwani, S. (2023) · ThufuLA Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal · doi:10.21043/thufula.v11i2.23461
Koç, E. D. (2024) · Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.14812/cuefd.1357082
Nerdin, M. W., Baum, D. R., Hallam, P. R., & Bowles, W. B. (2024) · Globalisation, comparative education and policy research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53223-8_4
Egan, S., Moloney, M., Pope, J., Hoyne, C., & Breatnach, D. (2024) · Journal of Early Childhood Literacy · doi:10.1177/14687984241268525
The Quantity and Quality of Fathers' Shared Book Reading Practices
Nguyen, H. N. L. (2024) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16047
Child activity contexts and language environments
Glas, L., Chubey, K., & Söderström, M. (2024) · Language Interaction and Acquisition · doi:10.1075/lia.00021.gla
Miller, E. B., Roby, E., Bratsch‐Hines, M., & Blair, C. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02960-6
Leer juntos · Leer, transmitir, transformar en contexto de la migración
Sauvaire, M. (2024) · TransMigrARTS · doi:10.59486/qhyk7186
Annelerin 12-36 aylık bebekleri ile birlikte kitap okuma deneyimlerinin incelenmesi
Ergül, D. H., & Işıkoğlu, N. (2024) · Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.24130/eccdjecs.1967202481515
Developmental Screening and Family Resilience for Infants and Toddlers in Homeless Shelters
Herbers, J. E., Abdul-Masih, M. Y., Buccelli, A. R., Torre, N., Pintarelli, E. M., & Cutuli, J. J. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70019
Nutritional Education for Preschool Children
Khazrai, Y. M., Bruni, R., & Pensieri, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32047-7_44-1
Brown, L., & Pivovarova, M. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251376945
(2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-622-520251011
Souto‐Manning, M., & Dice, J. L. (2009) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-914-920251013
What Do We Know About Joint Attention in Shared Book Reading? An Eye-tracking Intervention Study
Guo, J. (2011) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Contreras, G. A. (2007) · Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal)
Maintaining Spanish in an English-Speaking World
Juhasz, A. C. (2013) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/4e7f-e734
Mitri, S. M. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/5493712
Feldman, B. A. (2011) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/gt43-qv77
The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Shared Reading in Jordan.Preprint
Nasir, A., Bawaneh, S., Alaraj, B., Kussad, S., Nasir, L., Lyden, E., & Badran, E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-523596/v1
Gfeller, N. (2025) · International Journal for Research on Extended Education · doi:10.3224/ijree.v13i1.03
Sanfo, J.-B. M. B., Ogawa, K., & Truong, T. H. (2026) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2026.2618798
Mankovich, A., & Suanda, S. H. (2026) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2026.101676
Florit, E., Barachetti, C., Carli, P. D., Majorano, M., & Lavelli, M. (2026) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s030500092610052x
The Effectiveness of an Infant Book Gifting Scheme in Supporting the Early Home Literacy Environment
Moloney, M., Egan, S. M., Pope, J., Breatnach, D., & Hoyne, C. (2026) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-026-02140-9
Bursa, G. Y. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261427538
Metadata
- Authors
- Raikes, H., Alexander Pan, B., Luze, G., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Brooks-Gunn, J., Constantine, J., Banks Tarullo, L., Abigail Raikes, H., & Rodriguez, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Harvard Graduate School of Education
- Iowa State University (US)
- New York University
- Columbia University
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- Mathematica Policy Research Inc
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-07-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 924-953
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2168995526
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 35.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (105‐95‐1936)
- Utah State University
- University of Missouri
- Harvard University
- Michigan State University
- University of Washington
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of South Carolina
- Iowa State University
- York University
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- University of California, Los Angeles
- U.S. Public Health Service (105-95-1936)
- School of Nursing, University of Washington
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- low-income households, early childhood language development, vocabulary development, cognitive development, maternal education, Early Head Start, firstborn children, language minority children, Spanish-speaking children, reciprocal effects
- MeSH terms
- Aptitude, Birth Order, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Poverty, Reading, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, Vocabulary, Early Intervention, Educational, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
