The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have increasingly turned their attention from younger individuals who hold age stereotypes to older individuals who are targeted by these stereotypes. The refocused research has shown that positive and negative age stereotypes held by older individuals can have beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on a variety of cognitive and physical outcomes. Drawing on these experimental and longitudinal studies, a theory of stereotype embodiment is presented here. It proposes that stereotypes are embodied when their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitions that, in turn, influence functioning and health. The theory has four components: The stereotypes (a) become internalized across the life span, (b) can operate unconsciously, (c) gain salience from self-relevance, and (d) utilize multiple pathways. The central message of the theory, and the research supporting it, is that the aging process is, in part, a social construct.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The stories in this co-design study revealed stereotypes that older adults themselves have internalized about their positioning in society and their interactions with technology”
From Personal Narratives in Technology Design: The Value of Sharing Older Adults’ Stories in the Design of Social Robots (2021) · cites this paper as Levy, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Our current study draws on stereotype embodiment theory (SET) [10], which explains how three distinct, yet interrelated, components of ageism can impact health: age discrimination (i.e., detrimental treatment of older persons); negative age stereotypes (i.e., beliefs about older persons in general); and negative self-perceptions of aging (i.e., beliefs held by older persons about their own aging).”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The structural-level and individual-level ageism are inextricably linked because disparaging views of aging, that are propagated by word and deed at the structural level, are assimilated at the individual level [10].”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“According to SET, these three components of ageism deleteriously influence the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways [10].”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Supporting SET [10], findings of mediation analyses indicate that ageism deleteriously influences the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways.”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“This pattern is consistent with SET which postulates that self-relevance can increase the impact of ageism on health [10].”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261 · Cited by 1,508
Self-citationMind matters: cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes
Levy, B. R. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.4.p203 · Cited by 908
Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping.
Levy, B. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1092 · Cited by 840
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x · Cited by 796
Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029 · Cited by 715
Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice against Older Persons
Moberg, D. O., & Nelson, T. D. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/1556464 · Cited by 653
Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping.
Levy, B. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092 · Cited by 618
Self-citationLongitudinal Benefit of Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging on Functional Health
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., & Kasl, S. V. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.5.p409 · Cited by 581
Reducing Cardiovascular Stress With Positive Self-Stereotypes of Aging
Levy, B. R., Hausdorff, J. M., Hencke, R., & Wei, J. Y. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.4.p205 · Cited by 486
Handbook of the Biology of Aging
(2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-088387-5.x5000-6 · Cited by 426
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Levy B.R., 2000, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33, 81
- Spiro H., 2008, Connecticut Medicine, 72, 563
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393527 · Cited by 1,254
Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review
Chang, E.-S., Kannoth, S., Levy, S., Wang, S.-Y., Lee, J. E., & Levy, B. R. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220857 · Cited by 912
Aging in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Avoiding Ageism and Fostering Intergenerational Solidarity
Ayalon, L., Chasteen, A. L., Diehl, M. K., Levy, B. R., Neupert, S. D., Rothermund, K., Tesch‐Römer, C., & Wahl, H.-W. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa051 · Cited by 605
Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa048 · Cited by 508
Ageism Amplifies Cost and Prevalence of Health Conditions
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Chang, E., Kannoth, S., & Wang, S. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny131 · Cited by 461
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Becca
- ORCID
- Levy, Becca
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 332-336
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- PMC
- PMC2927354
- OpenAlex
- W2151262602
- Cited by
- 1,822
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 218 · 2025: 206 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 169 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 17.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG001051, R01AG032284)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089314)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Keywords
- age stereotypes, older adults, self-definition, internalization of stereotypes, self-relevance, social construction of aging, health outcomes, cognitive function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
