Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging

Levy, Becca

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x

Cited by 1,822Aging and Gerontology ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyRetirement, Disability, and Employment

Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging

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Levy, Becca·2009·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.xPMC PMC2927354

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Abstract

Researchers have increasingly turned their attention from younger individuals who hold age stereotypes to older individuals who are targeted by these stereotypes. The refocused research has shown that positive and negative age stereotypes held by older individuals can have beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on a variety of cognitive and physical outcomes. Drawing on these experimental and longitudinal studies, a theory of stereotype embodiment is presented here. It proposes that stereotypes are embodied when their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitions that, in turn, influence functioning and health. The theory has four components: The stereotypes (a) become internalized across the life span, (b) can operate unconsciously, (c) gain salience from self-relevance, and (d) utilize multiple pathways. The central message of the theory, and the research supporting it, is that the aging process is, in part, a social construct.

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The stories in this co-design study revealed stereotypes that older adults themselves have internalized about their positioning in society and their interactions with technology.
“The stories in this co-design study revealed stereotypes that older adults themselves have internalized about their positioning in society and their interactions with technology”
From Personal Narratives in Technology Design: The Value of Sharing Older Adults’ Stories in the Design of Social Robots (2021) · cites this paper as Levy, 2009
The “Internalization of Stereotypes Across the Life Span” section (page not provided) says that older adults can internalize age stereotypes from the surrounding culture. The paper does not address stereotypes about interactions with technology. The co-design stories are the citing authors’ own finding, not a finding attributed to Levy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Stereotype embodiment theory explains how age discrimination, negative age stereotypes, and negative self-perceptions of aging can impact health.
“Our current study draws on stereotype embodiment theory (SET) [10], which explains how three distinct, yet interrelated, components of ageism can impact health: age discrimination (i.e., detrimental treatment of older persons); negative age stereotypes (i.e., beliefs about older persons in general); and negative self-perceptions of aging (i.e., beliefs held by older persons about their own aging).”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Structural-level and individual-level ageism are inextricably linked because disparaging views of aging propagated at the structural level are assimilated at the individual level.
“The structural-level and individual-level ageism are inextricably linked because disparaging views of aging, that are propagated by word and deed at the structural level, are assimilated at the individual level [10].”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
According to stereotype embodiment theory, the three components of ageism deleteriously influence the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways.
“According to SET, these three components of ageism deleteriously influence the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways [10].”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Supporting stereotype embodiment theory, findings of mediation analyses indicate that ageism deleteriously influences the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways.
“Supporting SET [10], findings of mediation analyses indicate that ageism deleteriously influences the health of older persons through psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways.”
From Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [10]

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

Butler R 2008 Ageism: Another form of bigotry The longevity revolution: The benefits and challenges of living a long life 40 59 New York Public Affairs This chapter presents the broad spectrum of ways that older individuals are stigmatized by society.
Mead GH Morris CW 1934 Mind, self, and society Chicago University of Chicago Press A classic description of the process by which attitudes of the community influence individuals’ self-perceptions.

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Authors: Levy, B.
Affiliations: University of Bonn (DE)
Corresponding author: Levy, Becca
ORCID: Levy, Becca
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 6
Pages: 332-336
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x
PMC: PMC2927354
OpenAlex: W2151262602
Cited by: 1,822
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 218 · 2025: 206 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 169 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 17.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (K01AG001051, R01AG032284)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089314)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
Keywords: age stereotypes, older adults, self-definition, internalization of stereotypes, self-relevance, social construction of aging, health outcomes, cognitive function

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Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging

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