Psychosocial Precursors and Correlates of Differing Internalizing Trajectories from 3 to 15 Years1
Abstract
Abstract Psychosocial precursors and correlates of parent‐reported internalizing behavior trajectories across the age span of 3–15 years were explored using a community‐based cohort of Australian children. Six internalizing trajectories had previously been identified for both girls (N = 810) and boys (N = 874) in this sample, comprising stable low, high, decreasing, and increasing pathways. Infancy and toddler temperamental traits (inhibition/shyness, irritability), behavior problems, and parent–child relationship difficulties constituted significant risks for subsequent problematic internalizing profiles. Several gender‐specific trends were evident, with temperamental reactivity and shyness, less optimal parenting, and peer difficulties more salient for girls on increasing trajectories whereas externalizing problems were more prominent among boys on increasing trajectories. Factors associated with recovery from elevated symptoms included higher levels of social competence, better parent and peer relations, and more positive school adjustment. Findings suggest that individual characteristics and relationship experiences may be involved in the development and course of internalizing problems.
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The amygdala undergoes major development progress throughout the first seven years of life in children but continues to develop into adolescence.
“The amygdala undergoes major development progress throughout the first seven years of life in children but continues to develop into adolescence (Giedd et al., 1996, Humphrey, 1968, Letcher et al., 2009, Lupien et al., 2009, Tottenham and Sheridan, 2009, Uematsu et al., 2012, Ulfig et al., 2003).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Letcher et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Letcher, P., Smart, D., Sanson, A., & Toumbourou, J. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Australian Institute of Family Studies (AU)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Letcher, Primrose
- Venue
- Social Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 618-646
- ISSN
- 0961-205X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9507
- OpenAlex
- W2128298995
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- internalizing problems, childhood psychopathology, irritability, parenting quality, parent-child relationship, peer problems, social competence, gender differences, externalizing problems, school adjustment, community-based cohort
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