Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model
Abstract
Prepubescent boys are, if anything, more likely than girls to be depressed. During adolescence, however, a dramatic shift occurs: between the ages of 11 and 13 years, this trend in depression rates is reversed. By 15 years of age, females are approximately twice as likely as males to have experienced an episode of depression, and this gender gap persists for the next 35 to 40 years. We offer a theoretical framework that addresses the timing of this phenomenon. First, we discuss the social and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate affiliative needs for females at puberty. Next, we describe how heightened affiliative need can interact with adolescent transition difficulties to create a depressogenic diathesis as at-risk females reach puberty. This gender-linked vulnerability explains why adolescent females are more likely than males to become depressed when faced with negative life events and, particularly, life events with interpersonal consequences.
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There is consensus that the gender difference in depression has a multifactorial etiology.
“There now is consensus that the gender difference in depression has a multifactorial etiology”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Cyranowski et al., 2000
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“First, it is hypothesized that adolescent girls report higher rates of depressive symptoms than do adolescent boys, in part due to higher levels of affiliative needs that are threatened by interpersonal conflict (Cyranowski et al. 2000).”
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“Several models have been put forth linking sensitivity to interpersonal stress in girls to the emergence of gender differences in depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994 ; Leadbeater et al. 1995 ; Cyranowski et al. 2000 ; Hammen et al. 2008).”
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“…lead to focusing on or ruminating about negative events (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999), sex role identity (Hill & Lynch, 1983), and gender differences in affiliate style with females indicating preferences for emotional intimacy and responsive interpersonal relationships (Cyranowski et al., 2000).”
BackgroundTemperament, parenting, and depressive symptoms in a population sample of preadolescents.
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“…considered in the light of evidence suggesting that negative experiences in the interpersonal domain are more predictive of depression for girls than for boys (Patton et al., 2003; Rudolph & Hammen, 1999; Silberg et al., 2001), and particularly salient in vulnerable girls (Cyranowski et al., 2000).”
Background
- Authors
- Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-01-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025113055
- Cited by
- 1,276
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 30.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-18269, T32MH018269)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, gender differences, major depressive disorder, puberty, endocrine effects, adolescent transition, diathesis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Models, Psychological, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Socialization, Age of Onset, Sex Distribution
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