Simulation driven inferences for multiply imputed longitudinal datasets*
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate by simulations that rich imputation models for incomplete longitudinal datasets produce more calibrated estimates in terms of reduced bias and higher coverage rates without duly deflating the efficiency. We argue that the use of supplementary variables that are thought to be potential causes or correlates of missingness or outcomes in the imputation process may lead to better inferential results in comparison to simpler imputation models. The liberal use of these variables is recommended as opposed to the conservative strategy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People with panic symptoms may also have higher rates of depressive symptoms.
“This finding is important because people with panic symptoms may also have higher rates of depressive symptoms. 33”
From Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [33]
Cites
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701 · see citing works
RUBIN, D. B. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · Cited by 9,925 · see citing works
Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data
Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529876 · Cited by 8,923 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119013563 · Cited by 8,473 · see citing works
Sampling-based approaches to calculating marginal densities
Gelfand, A. E., & Smith, A. F. M. (1990) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1990.10476213 · Cited by 6,606 · see citing works
Multiple imputation after 18+ years
Rubin, D. B. (1996) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1996.10476908 · Cited by 4,072 · see citing works
Schafer, J. L. (1999) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029900800102 · Cited by 3,949 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation After 18+ Years
Rubin, D. B. (1996) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291635 · Cited by 2,686 · see citing works
A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures.
Collins, L. M., Schafer, J. L., & Kam, C.-M. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.330 · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
Modeling the Drop-Out Mechanism in Repeated-Measures Studies
Little, R. J. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615 · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4485-6 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Multiple-Imputation Inferences with Uncongenial Sources of Input
Meng, X. (1994) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177010269 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Computational Strategies for Multivariate Linear Mixed-Effects Models With Missing Values
Schafer, J. L., & Yucel, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1198/106186002760180608 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis
van Buuren, S., Boshuizen, H. C., & Knook, D. L. (1999) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990330)18:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Koning, I. M., Vollebergh, W., Smit, F., Verdurmen, J. E. E., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., ter Bogt, T., Stattin, H., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02677.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H., Freels, S. A., & Yucel, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/10629360600903866 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Koning, I. M., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., Verdurmen, J. E. E., & Vollebergh, W. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03198.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Auxiliary Variables in Multiple Imputation When Data Are Missing Not at Random
Mustillo, S., & Kwon, S. (2014) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.2013.877898 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lin, X., Mermelstein, R. J., & Hedeker, D. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7627 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Preventing panic disorder: cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a pragmatic randomised trial
Smit, F., Willemse, G., Meulenbeek, P., Koopmanschap, M., van Balkom, A., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/1478-7547-7-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Simultaneous Generation of Binary and Normal Data with Specified Marginal and Association Structures
Demirtaş, H., & Erdoğan, B. D. (2012) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2010.521874 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Meulenbeek, P., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072504 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Li, X., & Hedeker, D. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5393 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
State of the art in simulation-driven design
Karlberg, M., Löfstrand, M., Sandberg, S., & Lundin, M. (2013) · International Journal of Product Development · doi:10.1504/ijpd.2013.052166 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Siddique, J., Harel, O., Crespi, C. M., & Hedeker, D. (2014) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6137 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An imputation strategy for incomplete longitudinal ordinal data
Demirtaş, H., & Hedeker, D. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3239 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation Under Power Polynomials
Demirtaş, H., & Hedeker, D. (2008) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610910802101531 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H., & Hedeker, D. (2006) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2560 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Qi, L., Wang, Y.-F., & He, Y.-L. (2010) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Simulation of massive public health data by power polynomials
Demirtaş, H., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5362 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of non-normal random effects on inference by multiple imputation: A simulation assessment
Yucel, R. M., & Demirtaş, H. (2009) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2009.01.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H. (2007) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610910701418424 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nordgren, R. K., Hedeker, D., Dunton, G. F., & Yang, C. (2019) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8429 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Verdurmen, J. E. E., Koning, I. M., Vollebergh, W., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.027 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Javadi, S., Bahrampour, A., Saber, M. M., Garrusi, B., & Baneshi, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1155/2021/6668822 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
He, Y., & Raghunathan, T. E. (2009) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610910802677191 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sex Hormones and Risks of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Developmental or Environmental Influences
Masi, A. T., Aldag, J. C., & Chatterton, R. T. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1351.020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sensitivity analysis in multiple imputation in effectiveness studies of psychotherapy
Crameri, A., von Wyl, A., Koemeda, M., Schulthess, P., & Tschuschke, V. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01042 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Leon, A. C., & Hedeker, D. (2006) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2006.12.021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rounding Strategies for Multiply Imputed Binary Data
Demirtaş, H. (2009) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.200900018 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Effects of Auxiliary Variables on Coefficient Bias and Efficiency in Multiple Imputation
Mustillo, S. (2012) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124112452392 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Early intervention in panic: randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis
Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A. V., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2008) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-9-67 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Concurrent Generation of Ordinal and Normal Data
Demirtaş, H., & Yavuz, Y. (2014) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2014.920868 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Imputing continuous data under some non‐Gaussian distributions
Demirtaş, H., & Hedeker, D. (2007) · Statistica Neerlandica · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9574.2007.00377.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Masi, A. T., & Aldag, J. C. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/03009740500327735 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A distance-based rounding strategy for post-imputation ordinal data
Demirtaş, H. (2010) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664760902744954 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Simultaneous generation of multivariate mixed data with Poisson and normal marginals
Amatya, A. K., & Demirtaş, H. (2014) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/00949655.2014.953534 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jones, R. M., Stayner, L. T., & Demirtaş, H. (2014) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.027 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wijnen, B. F. M., Lokman, S., Leone, S. S., Evers, S., & Smit, F. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10455 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A mass redistribution algorithm for right-censored and left-truncated time to event data
Zhang, X., Zhang, M., & Fine, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference · doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2009.03.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Television-supported self-help for problem drinkers: A randomized pragmatic trial
Kramer, J., Riper, H., Lemmers, L., Conijn, B., van Straten, A., & Smit, F. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H., & Vardar-Acar, C. (2017) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3307-0_4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
On accurate and precise generation of generalized Poisson variates
Demirtaş, H. (2014) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918.2014.968725 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evaluation of imputation methods for microbial surface water quality studies
Nieh, C., Dorevitch, S., Liu, L. C., & Jones, R. M. (2014) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c3em00721a · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2876 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dalhuisen, I., Bui, K. A., Kleijburg, A., van Oostrom, I., Spijker, J., van Exel, E. R., van Mierlo, H. C., de Waardt, D., Arns, M., Tendolkar, I., et al. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13782 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Concurrent generation of binary and nonnormal continuous data through fifth-order power polynomials
Demirtaş, H. (2015) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918.2014.963613 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Improving the Computation of Brier Scores for Evaluating Expert-Elicited Judgements
Dharmarathne, G., Hanea, A. M., & Robinson, A. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2021.669546 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pugach, O., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2014) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-014-0126-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation under the Generalized Lambda Distribution
Demirtaş, H. (2009) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543400802527882 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
PoisNor: An R package for generation of multivariate data with Poisson and normal marginals
Amatya, A. K., & Demirtaş, H. (2015) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918.2015.1039854 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H. (2007) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2007.09.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H., Ahmadian, R., Atış, S., Can, F. E., & Ercan, İ. (2016) · Computational Statistics · doi:10.1007/s00180-016-0653-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Covariate selection for multilevel models with missing data
Marino, M., Buxton, O. M., & Li, Y. (2017) · Stat · doi:10.1002/sta4.133 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Estimating problem drug use prevalence at national level: Comparison of three methods
Smit, F., van Laar, M., & Wiessing, L. G. (2006) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687630500460352 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hana, R. A., Ramia, J. A., Burchert, S., Carswell, K., Cuijpers, P. J., Heim, E., Knaevelsrud, C., Noun, P., Sijbrandij, M., van Ommeren, M., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/55544 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Joint Generation of Binary and Nonnormal Continuous Data
(2014) · Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics · doi:10.4172/2155-6180.s12-001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H., Allozi, R., Hu, Y., İnan, G., & Özbek, L. (2017) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3307-0_1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Mixed-Effects Model for Detecting Disrupted Connectivities in Heterogeneous Data
Bhaumik, D. K., Jie, F., Nordgren, R. K., Bhaumik, R., & SINHA, B. K. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2821655 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Secondary Effects of an Alcohol Prevention Program Targeting Students and/or Parents
Koning, I. M., & Vollebergh, W. (2016) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.05.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An application of Multiple Imputation under the Two Generalized Parametric Families
Demirtaş, H. (2021) · Journal of Data Science · doi:10.6339/jds.2010.08(3).592 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Concurrent generation of multivariate mixed data with variables of dissimilar types
Amatya, A. K., & Demirtaş, H. (2016) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/00949655.2016.1177530 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation of Continuous Data via a Semiparametric Probability Integral Transformation
Helenowski, I., & Demirtaş, H. (2014) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2013.860152 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Amatya, A. K., Cursio, J., Demirtaş, H., Erdoğan, B. D., Morton, D. P., Pugach, O., & Shi, F. (2009) · Statistics and Its Interface · doi:10.4310/sii.2009.v2.n4.a6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prevention of alcohol use in early adolescents: A joint venture of school and parents
Ina, H. M. K. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A semi-parametric approach to impute mixed continuous and categorical data
Helenowski, I., Demirtaş, H., & McGee, M. F. (2014) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-014-0127-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
On Imputing Binary Data via Pairwise Associations and Corresponding Conditional Probabilities
Helenowski, I., Demirtaş, H., & Erdoğan, B. D. (2012) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A semi-parametric approach for imputing mixed data
Helenowski, I., & Demirtaş, H. (2013) · Statistics and Its Interface · doi:10.4310/sii.2013.v6.n3.a11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gao, R., & Demirtaş, H. (2022) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918.2022.2087876 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leon, A. C., Hedeker, D., Li, C., & Demirtaş, H. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5332 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Longitudinal Data Under a Bayesian Multilevel Model
Demirtaş, H. (2009) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610920902947162 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Generating multivariate continuous data via the notion of nearest neighbors
Demirtaş, H., & Hedeker, D. (2010) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664760903229260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demirtaş, H. (2017) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3307-0_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Methods for handling missing data in a population based cohort study
Crichton, S. L. (2016) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kosteneffectiviteitsanalyse van de cursus Geen Paniek
Boonk, E., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Prenger, R., & Smit, F. (2013) · GZ - Psychologie · doi:10.1007/s41480-013-0057-z
Joint Generation of Mixed Data of Different Variable Types in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Demirtaş, H., ÇANKAYA, Ö., Altuntaş, M., Coşar, K., Yılmaztekin, Y., Ye, C., & Altavvil, L. (2025) · Anatolian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.71133/anatphar.1823609
de Wijs, I., Tendolkar, I., van Beek, M. H. C. T., van Belkum, S. M., Dalhuisen, I., Lange, J. J. D.-D., van Eijndhoven, P., van Exel, E. R., Houwert-Zuidema, M., Jeuring, H. W., et al. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2026.108368
Wijnen, B. F. M., Smit, F., Uhernik, A. I., Žegrec, A., Đedović, J., Dinolova, R. V., Nica, R. I., Tomcuk, A., Velickovski, R., Wensing, M., et al. (2026) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-026-01960-1
- Authors
- Demirtas, H.
- Venue
- Statistica Neerlandica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 466-482
- ISSN
- 0039-0402 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9574
- OpenAlex
- W1993323182
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Statistica Neerlandica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- multiple imputation, longitudinal data, missing data, imputation models, supplementary variables, bias mitigation, coverage rate, efficiency, simulation study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review