Preventing panic disorder: cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a pragmatic randomised trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Panic disorder affects many people, is associated with a formidable disease burden, and imposes costs on society. The annual influx of new cases of panic disorder is substantial. From the public health perspective it may therefore be a sound policy to reduce the influx of new cases, to maintain the quality of life in many people, and to avoid the economic costs associated with the full-blown disorder. For this purpose, prevention is needed. Here we present the first economic evaluation of such an intervention. METHODS: Randomised trial of 117 people with panic disorder symptoms not meeting the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV panic disorder. The interventions were time-limited cognitive-behavioural therapy v care-as-usual. The central clinical endpoint was DSM-IV panic disorder-free survival over 3 months. Costs were calculated from the societal perspective. Using the bootstrap method, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were obtained, placed in 95% confidence intervals, projected on the cost-effectiveness plane, and presented as acceptability curves. RESULTS: The median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is euro6,198 (95% CI 2,435 - 60,731) per PD-free survival gained, which has a likelihood of 75.2% of being more acceptable from a cost-effectiveness point of view than care-as-usual when a willingness-to-pay ceiling is assumed of euro10,000 per PD-free survival. The most significant cost driver was therapists' time. A sensitivity analysis indicated that cost-effectiveness improves when the number of therapist hours is reduced. CONCLUSION: This is the first economic evaluation alongside a prevention trial in panic disorder. The small sample (n = 117) and the short time horizon of 3 months preclude firm conclusions, but our findings suggest that the intervention may be acceptable from a cost-effectiveness point of view, especially when therapist involvement can be kept minimal. Nevertheless, our results must await replication in a larger trial with longer follow-up times before we can confidently recommend implementation of the intervention on a broad scale. In the light of our findings and given the burden of panic disorder, such a new trial is well worth the effort.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An economic evaluation of the intervention for a subgroup of the sample (people with subthreshold panic disorder) showed that it may be acceptable from a cost-effectiveness point of view.
“An economic evaluation of the intervention for a subgroup of the sample (i.e. people with subthreshold panic disorder) showed that it may be acceptable from a cost-effectiveness point of view. 34”
From Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Skegg, K., Herbison, P., & Peter, K. S. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/(issn)1440-1614 · Cited by 1,264 · see citing works
The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R. T., Ballenger, J. C., & Fyer, A. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v60n0702 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Costs, effects and C/E‐ratios alongside a clinical trial
van Hout, B. A., Al, M., Gordon, G. S., & Rutten, F. (1994) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4730030505 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days
Kessler, R. C., & Frank, R. G. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004807 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Andrews, G., Issakidis, C., Sanderson, K., Corry, J., & Lapsley, H. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.526 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Reliability of the self-report version of the panic disorder severity scale
Houck, P. R., Spiegel, D. A., Shear, M. K., & Rucci, P. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10049 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
(2006) · PubMed · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationLost productivity among full‐time workers with mental disorders
Lim, D., Sanderson, K. A., & Andrews, G. (2000) · The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics · doi:10.1002/mhp.93 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Carlbring, P., Bohman, S., Brunt, S., Buhrman, M., Westling, B. E., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2119 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Productivity losses without absence: measurement validation and empirical evidence
Brouwer, W. B. F., Koopmanschap, M., & Rutten, F. (1999) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/s0168-8510(99)00028-7 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationSiegel, J. E., Torrance, G. W., Russell, L. B., Luce, B. R., Weinstein, M. C., & Gold, M. R. (1997) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-199711020-00005 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Guidelines for pharmacoeconomic studies.
McGhan, W. F., & Lewis, N. J. W. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Gender and age-specific first incidence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the general population
Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Ravelli, A., Smit, F., & Vollebergh, W. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0566-3 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationBower, P., Richards, D. A., & Lovell, K. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Preventing the Incidence of New Cases of Mental Disorders
Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., & Smit, F. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000152810.76190.a6 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationHeuzenroeder, L., Donnelly, M., Haby, M. M., Mihalopoulos, C., Rossell, R., Carter, R., Andrews, G., & Vos, T. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01423.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Kenardy, J. A., Dow, M. G. T., Johnston, D. W., Newman, M. G., Thomson, A., & Taylor, C. B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1068 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Canadian Guidelines for Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals
Torrance, G. W., Blaker, D., Detsky, A. S., Kennedy, W. A., Schubert, F., Menon, D., Tugwell, P., Konchak, R., Hubbard, E., & Firestone, T. (1996) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-199609060-00008 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Economic costs of full-blown and subthreshold panic disorder
Batelaan, N. M., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Vollebergh, W., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationMedical and productivity costs of anxiety disorders: Case control study
Marciniak, M., Lage, M. J., Landbloom, R. P., Dunayevich, E., & Bowman, L. (2004) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10131 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Costs and Offset Effect in Panic Disorders
Salvador‐Carulla, L., Seguı́, J., Fernández-Cano, P., & Canet, J. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000293367 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Myhr, G., & Payne, K. A. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605101006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Simulation driven inferences for multiply imputed longitudinal datasets*
Demirtas, H. (2004) · Statistica Neerlandica · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9574.2004.00271.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Target groups for the prevention of late-life anxiety
Smit, F., Comijs, H., Schoevers, R., Cuijpers, P., Deeg, D., & Beekman, A. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023127 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationThe November 1995 Revised Australian Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals
Langley, P. C. (1996) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-199609040-00007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Modern Medical Statistics: A Practical Guide
Everitt, B. J. (2003) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Early intervention in panic: randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis
Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A. V., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2008) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-9-67 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMeulenbeek, P. A. M., Willemse, G., Smit, F., Smits, N., van Balkom, A. V., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationHeuzenroeder, L., Donnelly, M., Haby, M. M., et al. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01423.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Modern Medical Statistics: a Practical Guide
Sprent, P. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2004.298_8.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Arginine vasopressin in manic-depressive psychosis
Penney, M. D., Levell, M. J., & HULLIN, R. P. (1987) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700000659 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barrett, B. M., & Byford, S. (2003) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Wilkinson, T., Sculpher, M., Claxton, K., Revill, P., Briggs, A., Cairns, J., Teerawattananon, Y., Asfaw, E., Lopert, R., Culyer, A., et al. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.04.015 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Le, L. K., Esturas, A. C., Mihalopoulos, C., Chiotelis, O., Bucholc, J., Chatterton, M. L., & Engel, L. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003606 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Phalkey, R. K., Yamamoto, S., Awate, P., & Marx, M. (2015) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czt097 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Alonso, S., Chaccour, C. J., Elobolobo, E., Nacima, A., Candrinho, B., Saifodine, A., Saúte, F., Robertson, M., & Zulliger, R. (2019) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2995-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bosman, R. C., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., Muntingh, A., van Balkom, A. V., & Batelaan, N. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.018 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Lukwago, L., Nanyunja, M., Ndayimirije, N., Wamala, J. F., Malimbo, M., Mbabazi, W. B., Gasasira, A. N., Nabukenya, I., Musenero, M., Alemu, W., et al. (2012) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czs022 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kooistra, L. C., Wiersma, J. E., Ruwaard, J., van Oppen, P., Smit, F., Lokkerbol, J., Cuijpers, P., & Riper, H. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0290-z · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAn internet-based guided self-help intervention for panic symptoms: randomized controlled trial
van Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H., Klein, B., Ebert, D. D., Kramer, J., Meulenbeek, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2362 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationClimate Change and Vector-borne Diseases: An Economic Impact Analysis of Malaria in Africa
Egbendewe‐Mondzozo, A., Musumba, M., McCarl, B. A., & Wu, X. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8030913 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gabrio, A., Mason, A. J., & Baio, G. (2017) · PharmacoEconomics - Open · doi:10.1007/s41669-017-0015-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Huoponen, S., & Blom, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145087 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Meulenbeek, P., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072504 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, N. B., & Keough, M. E. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131317 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Inter-sectoral costs and benefits of mental health prevention: towards a new classification scheme.
Drost, R. M. W. A., Paulus, A. T. G., Ruwaard, D., & Evers, S. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bolinski, F., Kleiboer, A., Karyotaki, E., Bosmans, J. E., Zarski, A.-C., Weisel, K. K., Ebert, D. D., Jacobi, C., Cuijpers, P., & Riper, H. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2477-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationGärtner, F. R., Ketelaar, S. M., Smeets, O., Bolier, L., Fischer, E. E., van Dijk, F. J. H., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Sluiter, J. K. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-290 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mochcovitch, M. D., & Nardi, A. E. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.110 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ketelaar, S. M., Gärtner, F. R., Bolier, L., Smeets, O., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Sluiter, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e318289ee3e · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zegeye, E. A., Mbonigaba, J., Kaye, S. B., & Johns, B. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-3978-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population
Batelaan, N. M., Smit, F., De Graaf, R., Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01488.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensive behavioral therapy for agoraphobia
Knuts, I., Esquivel, G., Overbeek, T., & Schruers, K. R. J. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
van Apeldoorn, F. J., Stant, A. D., van Hout, W. J. P. J., Mersch, P. P. A., & den Boer, J. A. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12169 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Primary prevention of anxiety disorders in primary care: A systematic review
García‐Campayo, J., del Hoyo, Y. L., Valero, M. S., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Esteban, E. A., Puebla‐Guedea, M., & Magallón-Botaya, R. M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
van Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H. M., van Straten, A., Kramer, J., Conijn, B., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-75 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSultana, M., Sarker, A. R., Ali, N., Akram, R., & Gold, L. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224170 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zegeye, E. A., Mbonigaba, J., Kaye, S. B., & Wilkinson, T. (2016) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-016-0280-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Developing an evaluation framework for clinical redesign programs: lessons learnt
Samaranayake, P., Dadich, A., Fitzgerald, A., & Zeitz, K. (2016) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-07-2015-0109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Panic disorder and subthreshold panic in the light of comorbidity: a follow-up study
Oral, E., Aydın, N., Güleç, M., & Oral, M. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.01.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ophuis, R. H., Lokkerbol, J., Hiligsmann, M., & Evers, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193338 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Madhusudhan, D. K., Glied, K., Nguyen, E., Rose, J. R., & Bravata, D. M. (2020) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1220 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lambert, R. A. (2012) · Mental Illness · doi:10.4081/mi.2012.e18 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Cost‐effectiveness of Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Mihalopoulos, C., Baxter, A. J., Whiteford, H., & Vos, T. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch59 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Seliniotaki, T., Bacopoulou, F., Vlachakis, D., Artemiadis, A., Kampoli, K., Chrousos, G., Darviri, C., & Koumarianou, A. A. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Study of Enterprise Performance Management System Based on KPI +BSC
Liu, G., Kaichao, Y., Wang, C., & Pengqian, Y. (2010) · International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII) · doi:10.1109/iciii.2010.277 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lalk, C., Väth, T., Hanraths, S., Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Hartmann, S. F., Barnow, S., & Rubel, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/54062 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Moreno-Peral, P., Cerón, S. C., Wijnen, B. F. M., Lokkerbol, J., Fernández, A., Smit, F., & Bellón, J. Á. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLalk, C., Väth, T., Hanraths, S., Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Hartmann, S. F., Barnow, S., & Rubel, J. A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w9f4s · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ophuis, R. H., Lokkerbol, J., Haagsma, J. A., Hiligsmann, M., Evers, S., & Polinder, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205876 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caring for healthcare professionals: improving prevention in occupational healthcare
Ketelaar, S. M. (2014) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring Integrative Medicine for Back and Neck Pain
Sundberg, T. (2010) · Figshare · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gao, F., He, H., Yan, B., Yang, J., Fan, Y., Bingbing, Z., He, X., Ma, Q., Li, B., Gao, Y., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.20028605 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kosteneffectiviteitsanalyse van de cursus Geen Paniek
Boonk, E., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Prenger, R., & Smit, F. (2013) · GZ - Psychologie · doi:10.1007/s41480-013-0057-z
Self-citationEsquitino, M., García-Sancho, M., César, J., & Puerto, G. (2011)
Exploring Integrative Medicine for Back and Neck Pain
Sundberg, T. (2010)
Mochcovitch, M. D., & Nardi, A. E. (2012) · Debates em Psiquiatria · doi:10.25118/2763-9037.2012.v2.1013
Oussi, A., & Bouvet, C. (2024) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2023.2299474
- Authors
- Smit, F., Willemse, G., Meulenbeek, P., Koopmanschap, M., van Balkom, A., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P.
- Affiliations
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- GGNet (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Smit, Filip
- Venue
- Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8
- ISSN
- 1478-7547 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2680812
- OpenAlex
- W2100530006
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (acceptedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Trimbos-instituut
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- panic disorder, prevention, cost-effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, time-limited therapy, social costs, acceptability curves, willingness to pay
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
