Flexibility in young second‐language learners: examining the language specificity of orthographic processing
Open accessAbstract
This study examines whether orthographic processing transfers across languages to reading when the writing systems under acquisition are sufficiently related. We conducted a study with 76 7‐year‐old English‐first‐language children in French immersion. Measures of English and French orthographic processing (orthographic choice tasks) and standardised measures of English and French word reading (Woodcock and FIAT) were taken, in addition to verbal and nonverbal ability, and phonological and morphological awareness. Analyses reveal significant contributions of orthographic processing to reading both within and across the two languages, despite the inclusion of control variables. Findings of the transfer of orthographic processing skills to reading across languages suggest that orthographic processing may not be as language specific as previously hypothesised. We discuss the several similarities between English and French, such as a shared alphabet and cognates, that may drive transfer across languages in the context of current theories of second‐language reading development.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The treatment group's improved achievements in Arabic and Hebrew morphological awareness can be attributed to the group's improvement in English morphological awareness skills, suggesting transfer of morphological awareness skills from English L3 to Arabic L1 and Hebrew L2.
“Therefore, the treatment group's improved achievements in Arabic and Hebrew morphological awareness can be attributed to the group's improvement in English morphological awareness skills, suggesting the transfer of morphological awareness skills from English as an L3 to Arabic as the L1 and Hebrew as the L2”
From Cognitive Retroactive Transfer (CRT) of Language Skills among Trilingual Arabic-Hebrew and English Learners (2014) · cites this paper as Deacon et al., 2009
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading
Barnett, M. A., Singer, H., & Ruddell, R. B. (1987) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326762 · Cited by 3,095 · see citing works
Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies
Seymour, P. H. K., Aro, M., Erskine, J. M., & collaboration with COST Action A8 network (2003) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712603321661859 · Cited by 2,601 · see citing works
Awareness of the structure and meaning of morphologically complex words: Impact on reading
Carlisle, J. F. (2000) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1008131926604 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Exposure to Print and Orthographic Processing
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1989) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747605 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Implicit learning and statistical learning: one phenomenon, two approaches
Perruchet, P., & Pacton, S. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.006 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness.
Durgunoğlu, A. Y., Nagy, W. E., & Hancin-Bhatt, B. J. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.3.453 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Phonological Processes in Literacy
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315044439 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
DEACON, S. H., & KIRBY, J. R. (2004) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716404001110 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Self-citationFrames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities : new views on measurement issues
Lyon, G. R. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.2.264 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Implicit learning out of the lab: The case of orthographic regularities.
Pacton, S., Perruchet, P., Fayol, M., & Cleeremans, A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.401 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Morphological spelling strategies: Developmental stages and processes.
Nunes, T., Bryant, P., & Bindman, M. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.4.637 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Development of morphological awareness in Chinese and English
Ku, Y.-M., & Anderson, R. C. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1024227231216 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.733 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Gottardo, A., Yan, B., Siegel, L. S., & Wade‐Woolley, L. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.3.530 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationComeau, L., Cormier, P., Grandmaison, É., & Lacroix, D. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.1.29 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
The beginnings of orthographic knowledge: Children's knowledge of double letters in words.
Cassar, M., & Treiman, R. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.631 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Morphological analysis, phonological analysis and learning to read French: a longitudinal study
Casalis, S., & Louis-Alexandre, M.-F. (2000) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1008177205648 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
(1994) · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Toward a comprehensive view of the skills involved in word reading in Grades 4, 6, and 8
Roman, A. A., Kirby, J. R., Parrila, R., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Deacon, S. H. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.01.004 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationZiegler, J. C., Stone, G. O., & Jacobs, A. M. (1997) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03210615 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Crossover: The role of morphological awareness in French immersion children's reading.
Deacon, S. H., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Kirby, J. R. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.732 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Orthographic Processing Skills on Five Different Reading Tasks
Barker, T. A., Torgesen, J. K., & Wagner, R. K. (1992) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747673 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Statistical analysis of the bidirectional inconsistency of spelling and sound in French
Ziegler, J. C., Jacobs, A. M., & Stone, G. O. (1996) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200539 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Evidence for Superior Orthographic Skills in Dyslexics
Siegel, L. S., Share, D. L., & Geva, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00601.x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Converging evidence for the concept of orthographic processing
Cunningham, A. E., Perry, K. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2001) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1011100226798 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Korean-English biliteracy acquisition: Cross-language phonological and orthographic transfer
Wang, M., Park, Y., & Lee, K. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.148 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Development of Reading Efficiency in First and Second Language
Geva, E., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Shany, M. (1997) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0102_2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationPhases of development in learning to read words.
Ehri, L. C. (1999) · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Development of the ability to read words: Update.
Ehri, L. C. (1994) · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The role of type and token frequency in using past tense morphemes correctly
Nicoladis, E., Palmer, A., & Marentette, P. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00582.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Deacon, S. H., Conrad, N. J., & Pacton, S. (2008) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.2.118 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Handbook of Applied Linguistics
(2005) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9781405138093.2005.00030.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Arab-Moghaddam, N., & Sénéchal, M. (2001) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250042000320 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Lexical orthographic knowledge develops from the beginning of literacy acquisition
Martinet, C., Valdois, S., & Fayol, M. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.09.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Levels of Phonological Awareness in Korean and English: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study.
Cho, J., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.4.564 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
How does orthographic learning happen
Castles, A. E., & Nation, K. (2006) · doi:10.4324/9780203841211-16 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Development of Orthographic Processing Ability
Wagner, R. K., & Barker, T. A. (1994) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3492-9_8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
What is orthographic processing skill and how does it relate to word identification in reading?
Burt, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00315.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kroll, J. F., & Dijkstra, T. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195384253.013.0024 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Reading Development and the Teaching of Reading
Oakhill, J. V., & Beard, R. M. (2002) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Testing the Interdependence Hypothesis Among Native Adult Bilingual Russian-English Students
Abu‐Rabia, S. (2001) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1010425825251 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Mumtaz, S., & Humphreys, G. (2001) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.t01-1-00136 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Different visual skills are important in learning to read English and Chinese
Ho, C. S., & Bryant, P. (1999) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.1999.16.4.4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Leong, C. K., Hau, K., Cheng, P. W., & Tan, L. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.4.591 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reading and genetics: an introduction
Nation, K. (2006) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00289.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Handbook of Applied Linguistics
(2005) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9781405138093.2005.00036.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Abu-Rabia, S. (1997). Verbal and working memory skills of bilingual Hebrew-English speaking children. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 13, 25-40.
- Dunn, L.M. & Dunn, L.M. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test-third edition: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Children’s morphological awareness and reading ability
Kirby, J. R., Deacon, S. H., Bowers, P. N., Izenberg, L., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Parrila, R. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9276-5 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationThe simple view of second language reading throughout the primary grades
Verhoeven, L. T. W., & van Leeuwe, J. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9346-3 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., & Geva, E. (2019) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.01.003 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
What Is Orthographic Knowledge?
Apel, K. (2011) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0085 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Li, T., McBride-Chang, C. A., Wong, A. M.-Y., & Hua Shu, A. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026445 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Au-Yeung, K., Hipfner-Boucher, K., Chen, X., Pasquarella, A., D’Angelo, N., & Deacon, S. H. (2014) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.95 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationOrthographic knowledge: clarifications, challenges, and future directions
Apel, K., Henbest, V. S., & Masterson, J. J. (2018) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-018-9895-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Deacon, S. H., Commissaire, É., Chen, X., & Pasquarella, A. (2012) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9407-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationLinguistic and metalinguistic outcomes of intense immersion education: how bilingual?
Hermanto, N., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2011.652591 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reder, F., Marec‐Breton, N., Gombert, J.-É., & Demont, É. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Beyond the simple view of early first and second language reading: The impact of lexical quality
Verhoeven, L. T. W., Voeten, M., & Vermeer, A. (2018) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.03.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pasquarella, A., Deacon, S. H., Chen, B. X., Commissaire, É., & Au-Yeung, K. (2014) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2014.932579 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Retroactive Transfer (CRT) of Language Skills Among Bilingual Arabic-English Readers
Abu-Rabia, S., Shakkour, W., & Siegel, L. (2013) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2013.775975 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Howard, E. R., Green, J. D., & Arteagoitia, I. (2012) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2012.703637 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gottardo, A., Chen, X., & Huo, M. R. Y. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.410 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Commissaire, E., Duncan, L. G., & Casalis, S. (2011) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01473.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Beyond language borders: orthographic processing and word reading in Spanish–English bilinguals
Deacon, S. H., Chen, X., Luo, Y. C., & Ramírez, G. (2011) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2011.01490.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationKormos, J., Babuder, M. K., & Pižorn, K. (2018) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amy028 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The relation between orthographic processing and spelling in grade 1 French immersion children
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2017) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12104 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical Learning as a Key to Cracking Chinese Orthographic Codes
He, X., & Tong, S. X. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1243541 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reading in Arabic: How Well Does the Standard Model Apply?
Tibi, S., & Kirby, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0193 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationJubenville, K., Sénéchal, M., & Malette, M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.05.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Savage, R. S., Kozakewich, M., Genesee, F. H., Erdos, C., & Haigh, C. A. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12406 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Reading Development
Ke, S. E., Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108979801 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
French immersion experience and reading skill development in at-risk readers
Kruk, R. S., & Reynolds, K. (2011) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000911000201 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Abu-Rabia, S., & Shakkour, W. (2014) · Open Journal of Modern Linguistics · doi:10.4236/ojml.2014.41001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…awareness can be attributed to the group’s improvement in English morphological awareness skills, suggesting the transfer of morphological awareness skills from English as an L3 to Arabic as the L1 and Hebrew as the L2 (Deacon et al., 2009; Kahn-Horwitz et al., 2007; Schiff & Calif, 2007).”
BackgroundWhat we have learned from ‘learning to read in more than one language’
Deacon, S. H., & Cain, K. (2011) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01487.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationRazkane, H., & Diouny, S. (2022) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2022.2144325 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xue, J., & Jiang, X. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9683-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fumero, K., & Tibi, S. (2020) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2020_lshss-20-00027 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Assessing Reading in Second Language Learners: Development, Validity, and Educational Considerations
Geva, E., Xi, Y., Massey-Garrison, A., & Mak, J. Y. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26550-2_6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Zheng, L., Liu, X., Nichols, E. S., Zhang, M., Shang, L., Ding, G., Meng, X., & Liu, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02544 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The development of orthographic processing skills in children in early French immersion programs
Commissaire, É., Pasquarella, A., Chen, B. X., & Deacon, S. H. (2014) · Written Language & Literacy · doi:10.1075/wll.17.1.02com · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationShakkour, W. (2014) · Open Journal of Modern Linguistics · doi:10.4236/ojml.2014.44048 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Learning to Read in English and French
Chung, S. C., Koh, P. W., Deacon, S. H., & Chen, X. (2017) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000118 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationVivo, D. A., Fernández, E. E., Martínez, I. J., & Delgado, L. H. (2024) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc14070118 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, M., Lin, C. Y., & Chen, Y. (2013) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7380-6_10 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Feder, L., & Abu-Rabia, S. (2021) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194211003820 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Varieties of developmental dyslexia in Greek children
Niolaki, G., Terzopoulos, A. R., & Masterson, J. (2014) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2014.893862 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hevia‐Tuero, C., Incera, S., & Suárez‐Coalla, P. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101074 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Discrimination of English and French orthographic patterns by biliterate children.
Jared, D., Cormier, P., Levy, B. A., & Wade-Woolley, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationYeon, S., Bae, H. S., & Joshi, R. (2017) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1547 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thomas, R., & Mady, C. J. (2015) · McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill · doi:10.7202/1029426ar · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chung, S. C., Geva, E., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2021) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2020.1863970 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluences of First and Second Language Phonology on Spanish Children Learning to Read in English
Hevia‐Tuero, C., Incera, S., & Suárez‐Coalla, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803518 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Testing the self-teaching hypothesis in second language reading
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., Commissaire, É., Krenca, K., & Deacon, S. H. (2019) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2019.1625478 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationBilinguals’ Use of English and Spanish Digitalk on Facebook Status Updates
Riley, J. (2013) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v3n1p1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gebauer, S. K., Zaunbauer, A. C. M., & Møller, J. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000071 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lexical and sublexical orthographic knowledge: relationships in an orthography of intermediate depth
Querido, L., Fernandes, S., Verhaeghe, A., & Marques, C. M. V. A. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10052-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Learning Orthographic and Semantic Representations Simultaneously During Shared Reading
Shakory, S., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00520 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAndreou, G., & Segklia, M. (2017) · English Linguistics Research · doi:10.5430/elr.v6n3p62 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gezer, M. Ü. (2024) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2024.2359915 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Riley, J. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology · doi:10.21432/t29918 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sikiö, R., Siekkinen, M., & Holopainen, L. K. (2015) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2015.1105339 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chung, S. C., Koh, P. W., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10302-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationZaretsky, E. (2016) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.89.07zar · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Andreou, G., & Segklia, M. (2019) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2019.105077 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zaretsky, E. (2014) · Written Language & Literacy · doi:10.1075/wll.17.1.07zar · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ji, M., & Baek, S. (2018) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-018-9610-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effect of Synthetic Phonics on the Development of Reading Skills in L1 and L2
Hidajat, L., Susanto, Y., & Iskandar, A. (2017) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2017.14.3.2.398 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, X., Zhang, D., & Ke, S. E. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543251390490 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abu-Rabia, S., & Kitany, S. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.134076 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liang, L., Smith, M. S., Chondrogianni, V., & Chen, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01357 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ERP evidence for asymmetric orthographic transfer between traditional and simplified Chinese
Xie, J., Huang, Y., Chen, K., Lin, Q., Zhang, J. X., & Mo, L. (2020) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05976-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cho, J. (2018) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.7.19cho · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Harper, S. N. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Masilamani, M. B. (2019) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/9756 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Commissaire, É. (2012) · HAL · doi:10.70675/5d18ce14zd3f3z42b2zb9a3z79a49b6b64fa · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comblain, A. (2026) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages11060125 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Testing the Cognitive Retroactive Transfer Hypothesis: Evidence from Moroccan University Readers
Atouf, N., & Harrizi, M. (2024) · Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics · doi:10.21462/jeltl.v9i1.1268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hipfner-Boucher, K., Lee, M., Chung, S. C., Deacon, S. H., & Chen, X. (2025) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.11.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationNakamura, P. R. (2023) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24078-2_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ANALISIS FAKTOR DALAM DAN LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX (JII) PERIODE 2010-2021
Haq, F. (2023) · Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan · doi:10.23960/jak.v28i1.833 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serrau, V., Gunnarsson-Largy, C., & Largy, P. (2023) · Language Interaction and Acquisition · doi:10.1075/lia.22013.ser · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Historical Development of Inclusive Education in South Africa: Higher Education Perspectives
Mafumo, T. N., Buthelezi, M. M., & Ntshangase, M. X. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-944-520251005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Al‐Janaideh, R., & Mahadin, R. S. (2015) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abu‐Rabia, S., Tarabeh, K., & Wattad, H. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.132023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chung, S. C. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring teaching strategies used to teach reading in French immersion
Préfontaine-Becker, T. (2010) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Querido, L. (2016) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Bingley, J. (2014) · Lu Zone Ul (Laurentian University)
Sano, A. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Pedrone, J. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Shakory, S. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Rindlisbacher, B. (2021) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830994244
Redmond, L., Bourdages, R., & Foucambert, D. (2021) · La Revue de l'AQEFLS/Revue de l'AQEFLS · doi:10.7202/1082347ar
The development of orthographic processing skills in children in early French immersion programs
Commissaire, É., Pasquarella, A., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2016) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.89.02com
Self-citationDAMPAK TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI PADA PERCIEVED USEFULNESS DARI PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN
Widiyanti, A. (2023) · Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan · doi:10.23960/jak.v28i1.804
McBride, C. A., & Mohseni, F. (2023) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.64.04mcb
Intercultural Communication, and Cognitive Development: Exploring Interactions
Muthyala, U. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9354-9_2
Kaldes, G., Greenberg, D., Tighe, E. L., Jarrard, C. L., & Li, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88087-2_30
Akkad, S., & Jasińska, K. K. (2026) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.70126
(2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-622-520251011
Communication-Based Teaching for Chinese Language Learners
Tsai, H.-M. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/3b65-4069
Reading and vocabulary knowledge in English–Meetei Mayek biliterates: a registered report
Pamei, G., McBride, C. A., & Inoue, T. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.251969
Shen, Y., & Huang, B. H. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10762-z
- Authors
- Deacon, S. H., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Kirby, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Reading
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-04-14
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 215-229
- ISSN
- 0141-0423 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9817
- OpenAlex
- W2011208654
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Reading (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- orthographic processing, second language reading, language transfer, language specificity, French immersion, early literacy, orthographic choice, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, cognates, French-English bilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
