The Influence of Attitudes and Affect on Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Communication
Abstract
This article investigates results and antecedents of willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second Language (L2) through 2 separate investigations conducted with Japanese adolescent learners of English. In the first investigation, involving 160 students, a model was created based on the hypothesis that WTC results in more frequent communication in the L2 and that the attitudinal construct international posture leads to WTC and communication behavior. This model was tested with structural equation modeling and was found to fit the data well. The second investigation with 60 students who participated in a study‐abroad program in the United States confirmed the results of the first. Finally, frequency of communication was shown to correlate with satisfaction in interpersonal relationships during the sojourn.
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WTC is generally utilized as an outcome variable in individual difference models in applied linguistics.
“WTC is generally utilized as an outcome variable in individual difference models in applied linguistics (see Karimi & Abaszadeh, 2017;Yashima et al., 2004).”
From Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign language enjoyment (2022) · cites this paper as Yashima et al., 2004
Cites
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(10)Kim’s (2001) stress-growth model as well as Adler’s (1987) study indicate that going through periods of uncertainty or difficulty is a learning and growing experience that leads to long-term accommodation to the culture.”
BackgroundThe Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x · Cited by 1,517 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although the negative effect of language anxiety on L2 language acquisition has been widely studied (Gardner & MacIntyre, 1993; Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991, 1994), studies in WTC originated in communication research in the United States.”
BackgroundWhy are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory
Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00111 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research
McCROSKEY, J. C. (1977) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x · Cited by 890 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Communication apprehension in a first language (L1) and its negative influence on communication have been largely a matter of scholarly attention by communication researchers (Daly & McCroskey, 1984; McCroskey, 1977).”
BackgroundConceptualizing Motivation in Foreign‐Language Learning*
Dörnyei, Z. (1990) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00954.x · Cited by 849 · see citing works
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An Exploration of Chinese EFL Learners' Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety
LIU, M., & JACKSON, J. (2008) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Cao, Y., & Philp, J. (2006) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2006.05.002 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign language enjoyment
Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.2.3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Affect and willingness to communicate in digital game-based learning
Reinders, H., & Wattana, S. (2015) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344014000226 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Situated willingness to communicate in an L2: Interplay of individual characteristics and context
Yashima, T., MacIntyre, P. D., & Ikeda, M. (2018) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816657851 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationAyedoun, E., Hayashi, Y., & Seta, K. (2019) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-018-0171-6 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Expanding the theoretical base for the dynamics of willingness to communicate
MacIntyre, P. (2020) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.1.6 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dewaele, J.-M., & Proietti Ergün, A. L. (2020) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.65 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Saito, K., & Hanzawa, K. (2018) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816679030 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dynamicity of motivation, anxiety and cooperativeness in a semester course
Koga, T. (2010) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2010.03.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ayedoun, E., Hayashi, Y., & Seta, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2020.2989776 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Relationship between WTC and Oral Proficiency Measurements in the Study Abroad Context
Robson, G. G. (2015) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v8n12p56 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In previous literature, SPCC has been found to predict WTC for trait measures, along with communication anxiety (Kim, 2004; Yashima, 2002; Yashima et al., 2004).”
Background
- Authors
- Yashima, T., Zenuk‐Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K.
- Affiliations
- Kansai University (JP)
- ORCID
- Yashima, Tomoko
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-02-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-152
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W2152372549
- Cited by
- 684
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 64.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- willingness to communicate, second language communication, affect, international posture, Japanese adolescents, English as a second language, study abroad, interpersonal relationships, communication frequency, language learning motivation
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