The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic
Open accessAbstract
Context: Environmental, policy, and societal changes are important contributors to the rapid rise in obesity over the past few decades, and there has been substantial progress toward identifying environmental and policy factors related to eating and physical activity that can point toward solutions. This article is a status report on research on physical activity and food environments, and it suggests how these findings can be used to improve diet and physical activity and to control or reduce obesity. Methods: This article summarizes and synthesizes recent reviews and provides examples of representative studies. It also describes ongoing innovative interventions and policy change efforts that were identified through conference presentations, media coverage, and websites. Findings: Numerous cross‐sectional studies have consistently demonstrated that some attributes of built and food environments are associated with physical activity, healthful eating, and obesity. Residents of walkable neighborhoods who have good access to recreation facilities are more likely to be physically active and less likely to be overweight or obese. Residents of communities with ready access to healthy foods also tend to have more healthful diets. Disparities in environments and policies that disadvantage low‐income communities and racial minorities have been documented as well. Evidence from multilevel studies, prospective research, and quasi‐experimental evaluations of environmental changes are just beginning to emerge. Conclusions: Environment, policy, and multilevel strategies for improving diet, physical activity, and obesity control are recommended based on a rapidly growing body of research and the collective wisdom of leading expert organizations. A public health imperative to identify and implement solutions to the obesity epidemic warrants the use of the most promising strategies while continuing to build the evidence base.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the numbers of studies were relatively limited, nearly all found either self-reported or GIS-assessed indexes of walkability to be positively associated with physical activity, including objective measures of physical activity.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Several approaches are effective (Table 6).152,196,202–214”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [206]
In the citing paper
“Among adults, greater accessibility was generally, although not always, associated with more physical activity.28,337–342”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“As with other local environmental factors reviewed in this report, nearly all evidence for relation with physical activity or adiposity is derived from cross-sectional observational studies (Supplementary Table 10f).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-350_1 · Cited by 13,232
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549 · Cited by 8,720
Barlow, S. E., & and the Expert Committee (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2329c · Cited by 4,497
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States
Crespo, C. J., & Smit, E. (2003) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718206601.ch-001 · Cited by 4,382
An ecological approach to creating active living communities
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 · Cited by 3,296
Self-citationEcological models of health behavior.
Sallis, J. F., Owen, N. G., & Fisher, E. B. (2008) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · Cited by 3,217
Self-citationCreating Healthy Food and Eating Environments: Policy and Environmental Approaches
Story, M. T., Kaphingst, K. M., Robinson‐O’Brien, R., & Glanz, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926 · Cited by 2,387
Self-citationGlobal strategy on diet, physical activity and health
Samuelson, G. (2004) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v48i2.1503 · Cited by 2,318
Environmental Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic
Hill, J. O., & Peters, J. C. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5368.1371 · Cited by 2,258
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00189.x · DOI
- 10.1017/S1368980007665525 · DOI
- Hoag C., 2008, Los Angeles Wants to Take a Bite Out of Fast Food
- Kahn E.B., 2002, The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 67
- Morton L.W., 2007, Starved for Access: Life in Rural America's Food Deserts, Rural Realities, 1, 1
- Sallis J.F., 2006, Built Environment and Physical Activity, PCPFS (President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports) Research Digest, 7, 1
- Sallis J.F., 2008, Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 465
Cited by
Sorted by citations
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J.-P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., Lear, S. A., Ndumele, C. E., Neeland, I. J., Sanders, P., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000973 · Cited by 3,691
Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604 · Cited by 2,336
Self-citationObesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.159491 · Cited by 1,949
American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention
Kushi, L. H., Doyle, C., McCullough, M. L., Rock, C. L., Demark‐Wahnefried, W., Bandera, E. V., Gapstur, S. M., Patel, A. V., Andrews, K. S., & Gansler, T. S. (2012) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20140 · Cited by 1,399
Metadata
- Authors
- SALLIS, J. F., & GLANZ, K.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- SALLIS, JAMES F.
- Venue
- The Milbank Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-154
- ISSN
- 0887-378X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0009
- PMC
- PMC2879180
- OpenAlex
- W1987919544
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 5.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Milbank Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Georgia Cancer Coalition
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL083454)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- obesity, physical activity, food environment, built environment, walkability, healthy food access, recreational facilities, health disparities, low-income communities, racial minorities, environmental policy, multilevel interventions, diet, obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- Environment Design, Feeding Behavior, Health Promotion, Humans, Motor Activity, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Social Environment, United States, Health Behavior, Nutrition Policy, Social Marketing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
