Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 369

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Pre‐Industrial Inequality

Milanovic, Branko, Lindert, Peter H., Williamson, Jeffrey G.·2011·The Economic Journal
DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02403.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre‐industrial incomes as unequal as they are today? This article infers inequality across individuals within each of the 28 pre‐industrial societies, for which data were available, using what are known as social tables. It applies two new concepts: the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio. They compare the observed income inequality to the maximum feasible inequality that, at a given level of income, might have been ‘extracted’ by those in power. The results give new insights into the connection between inequality and economic development in the very long run.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02403.x

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 56 references

Cited by

See all 369

Metadata

Authors
Milanovic, B., Lindert, P. H., & Williamson, J. G.
Venue
The Economic Journal
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2010-11-23
Volume
121
Issue
551
Pages
255-272
ISSN
  • 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
  • 1468-0297
DOI
10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02403.x
OpenAlex
W2168134172
Cited by
369
References
56
FWCI
53.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pre‐Industrial Inequality. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02403.x
The paper
Milanovic, B., Lindert, P. H., & Williamson, J. G. (2011). Pre‐Industrial Inequality. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02403.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.