“Why Is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? Theory and Empirical Evidence”
Open accessAbstract
This paper documents the downward trend in the labor share of global income since the early 1990s, as well as its heterogeneous evolution across countries, industries and worker skill groups, using a newly assembled dataset, and analyzes the drivers behind it. Technological progress, along with varying exposure to routine occupations, explains about half the overall decline in advanced economies, with a larger negative impact on middle-skilled workers. In emerging markets, the labor share evolution is explained predominantly by global integration, particularly the expansion of global value chains that contributed to raising the overall capital intensity in production.
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Dao et al. (2017) point to a decline in the labor share between 1991 and 2014 in 29 large countries that account for about two-thirds of world GDP in 2014.
“Dao et al. (2017) point to a decline in the labor share between 1991 and 2014 in 29 large countries that account for about two-thirds of world GDP in 2014.”
From The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms* (2020) · cites this paper as Dao et al. (2017)
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Menaldo, V., & Wittstock, N. (2021) · Economic and Political Studies · doi:10.1080/20954816.2021.1933768 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Elasticity of Aggregate Output with Respect to Capital and Labor
Vollrath, D. (2021) · American Economic Journal Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.20220215 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Productivity dispersion and sectoral labour shares in Europe
Lawless, M., & Rehill, L. (2021) · OECD productivity working papers · doi:10.1787/c07cf75a-en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Evolution of India's Industrial Labour Share and its Correlates
Jayadev, A., & Narayan, A. (2020) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12587 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A bérhányad alakulása Magyarországon és Európában
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Does more market competition lead to higher income and utility in the long run?
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The Covid-19 Pandemic Spurred Growth in Automation: What Does this Mean for Minority Workers?
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Economic Complexity, Shadow Economy, and Income Inequality: Fresh Evidence from Panel Data
Pham, M. H., Truong, H. H. D., & Hoang, D. P. (2024) · International Economic Journal · doi:10.1080/10168737.2024.2311704 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Okombi, I. F., & Lebomoyi, N. E. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-024-00975-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Labour Share, Government Expenditure and Income Inequality of Post-Soviet Countries
Sergi, B. S., Balashova, S. A., & Ratner, S. V. (2023) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies11120288 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Human Rights and Economic Inequalities
Beyleveld, A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sektorübergreifende Konzentrations- und Margenzunahme: Bestandsaufnahme, Ursachen und Folgen
Wambach, A., & Weche, J. P. (2020) · Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik · doi:10.1515/pwp-2020-0018 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does Global Economic Integration affect Labour Income Share in India?
Mallick, J. (2020) · Indian Journal of Labour Economics · doi:10.1007/s41027-020-00220-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Çelik, O. (2021) · Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.1108/jes-02-2021-0072 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Caste, Economic Inequality, and Climate Justice in India
Tandale, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aging and labor share of income in Korea
Park, D., & Shin, K.-H. (2022) · Asian Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/asej.12285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Labour Share Convergence in the European Union
Prohorovs, A., & Bistrova, J. (2022) · Economies · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4213871 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing?
Jacobs, A., & Heylen, F. (2024) · Journal of Demographic Economics · doi:10.1017/dem.2024.10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Functional Income Distribution, Demand Driven Growth and the Middle Income Trap: The Case of China
Liang, Y. (2020) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1080/07360932.2020.1787186 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unbalanced growth in the labourscape: explaining regional employment divergence
Sobyra, R., Sigler, T., & Charles‐Edwards, E. (2021) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2021.1972958 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Progressive sovereign wealth funds
Corneo, G. G. (2022) · Journal of Government and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jge.2022.100033 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-employment income: estimation methods, patterns, impact on distribution
D’Elia, E., & Gabriele, S. (2022) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.03.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Induced technology hypothesis. Acemoglu and Marx on deskilling (skill replacing) innovations
Ertürk, K. A. (2019) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/00346764.2019.1650291 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Çelik, O., & Karadağ, M. (2021) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-021-09405-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A non-scale-directed technical change model with endogenous labor share
Afonso, Ó., & Lima, P. G. (2020) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2020.1795073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Market Power, Productivity and Sectoral Labour Shares in Europe
Lawless, M., & Rehill, L. (2021) · Open Economies Review · doi:10.1007/s11079-021-09653-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of economic globalisation and productivity on labour share in India and China
Mallick, J. (2023) · Indian Economic Review · doi:10.1007/s41775-023-00181-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maiti, D. (2024) · International Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1111/ijet.12407 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Özdemir, O. (2020) · Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics · doi:10.1111/apce.12284 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Robotization and Welfare Trends in Future
Kencebay, B. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Constraints on Economic Inequality: Comparing Canada and the United States
Howard-Hassmann, R. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Framework for Fiscal Justice: How Human Rights Can Change Public Finance
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Corporate economic profits in the euro area: The relevance of cost competitive advantage
Vallés, J., Fumás, V. S., & Juan, L. S. (2022) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2022.02.068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Declining Labor Income Shares Revisited: Intersectoral Production Linkage in Global Value Chains
Takeuchi, F. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.81316 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AUTOMATION RISK OF JOBS FOR NUTS II AND NUTS III REGIONS IN TÜRKİYE
Kaya, Ö. B. (2024) · Bölgesel Kalkınma Dergisi · doi:10.61138/bolgeselkalkinmadergisi.1445257 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kuwahata, H., & Tomiura, E. (2024) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2024.2396929 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
International Trade Liberalization, Human Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth
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Income Inequality and National Strategy for Inner Areas: Does Location Matter?
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The Mainstreaming of GVC Theory
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Territorial market power as a source of inequalities in the automation era
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Sappington, J., Garcia-Perez, A., & Bedford, D. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-092-220261006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What Explains the Increase in the Labor Income Share in Malaysia?
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Emerging Human Rights Norms and Standards on Vertical Inequalities
MacNaughton, G. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Distributive Justice, and Economic and Social Rights
Lee, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Implications of the Health Equity Perspective for the Right to Health
Wu, C.-F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gayrisafi yurtiçi hâsıla içerisinde ücret gelirlerinin hacmini belirleyen faktörler
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The effects of imperfect competition and antitrust measures in a three-sector OLG model
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Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries
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Previous Literature and New Findings
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The Origins of Co-operation and Conflict
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Η πόλωση της εργασίας στην Ελλάδα: Μία τομεακή ανάλυση
Φιλίνης, Κ. (2019) · Εκπαίδευση Δια Βίου Μάθηση Έρευνα και Τεχνολογική Ανάπτυξη Καινοτομία και Οικονομία · doi:10.12681/elrie.1575
Why Is the Hong Kong Housing Market Unaffordable? Some Stylized Facts and EstimationsPreprint
Leung, C. K. Y., Ng, J. C. Y., & Tang, E. C. H. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3575813
Understanding the Link Between Technology, Productivity and Employment
Mahtaney, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4662-8_7
Income Distribution and Activity Levels in an Open Economy: The Case of Turkey, 1988-2016Preprint
Bajo-Rubio, O., & Berke, B. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3089951
Economic Inequality and the Right to Social Security: Contested Meanings and Potential Roles
Goldblatt, B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.012
How Can Economists Help Human Rights Practitioners to Measure Changes in Economic Inequalities?
Porter, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.005
Growing Inequality and Risks to Social Rights in Our New Data Economy
Williams, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.008
The Potential Impact of the Right to Housing to Address Vertical Inequalities
Silva, V. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009006545.015
Education, Income Inequality and the Right to Participate in Cultural Life
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Income Inequality within Countries
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- Authors
- Dao, M., Das, M., Koczan, Z., & Lian, W.
- Affiliations
- International Monetary Fund (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IMF Working Papers
- Publisher
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 2017
- Issue
- 169
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 1018-5941 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3135665698
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 19.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IMF Working Paper (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economic Theory and Policy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- wage share, declining labor share, technological progress, routine occupations, middle-skilled workers, global value chains, global integration, capital intensity, emerging markets, developed countries, skill heterogeneity
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