Cited by 432HIV-related health complications and treatmentsHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

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Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV : a systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Islam, FM, Wu, J, Jansson, J, Wilson, DP·2012·HIV Medicine

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x

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Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the relative risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) among people living with HIV ( PLHIV ) compared with the HIV ‐uninfected population. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies from the peer‐reviewed literature. We searched the M edline database for relevant journal articles published before A ugust 2010. Eligible studies were observational and randomized controlled trials, reporting CVD , defined as myocardial infarction ( MI ), ischaemic heart disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events or coronary heart disease among HIV ‐positive adults. Pooled relative risks were calculated for various groupings, including different classes of antiretroviral therapy ( ART ). Results: The relative risk of CVD was 1.61 [95% confidence interval ( CI ) 1.43–1.81] among PLHIV without ART compared with HIV ‐uninfected people. The relative risk of CVD was 2.00 (95% CI 1.70–2.37) among PLHIV on ART compared with HIV ‐uninfected people and 1.52 (95% CI 1.35–1.70) compared with treatment‐naïve PLHIV . We estimate the relative risk of CVD associated with protease inhibitor ( PI )‐, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐ and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐based ART to be 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.17), 1.05 (95% CI 1.01–1.10) and 1.04 (95% CI 0.99–1.09) per year of exposure, respectively. Not all ART was associated with increased risk; specifically, lopinavir/ritonavir and abacavir were associated with the greater risk and the relative risk of MI for PI ‐based versus non‐ PI ‐based ART was 1.41 (95% CI 1.20–1.65). Conclusion: PLHIV are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although effective in prolonging survival, ART (in particular PI ‐based regimens) is related to further increased risk of CVD events among people at highest initial absolute risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Taha, A. Y., Basselin, M., Ramadan, E., Modi, H. R., Rapoport, S. I., & Cheon, Y. (2012) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2012.07.006 · Cited by 18
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Managing antiretroviral therapy in the elderly HIV patient
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“PI-based regimens have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events among PLWH at highest initial absolute risk of CVD, mostly due to its effect on lipids profile [46,47].”
Background
Prevalence of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among HIV Infected Patients on Anti-Retroviral Treatment in a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia
Woldeyes, E., Fisseha, H., Mulatu, H. A., Ephrem, A., Benti, H., Alem, M. W., & Ahmed, A. I. (2022) · HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care · doi:10.2147/hiv.s362459 · Cited by 18
“This cardiovascular risk persisted even when patients are on ART.8 With increasing life expectancy of patients, their prolonged exposure to environmental and behavioral risks, along with prolonged exposure to ART can contribute to developing CVDs.8–10 Limited data on assessment of CVD risk factors in HIV infected peop…”
Background
Blood Pressure and Body Composition During First Year of Antiretroviral Therapy in People With HIV Compared With HIV-Uninfected Community Controls
Kavishe, B. B., Olsen, M. F., Filteau, S., Kitilya, B., Jeremiah, K., Krogh‐Madsen, R., Todd, J., Friis, H., Faurholt‐Jepsen, D., PrayGod, G., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpac085 · Cited by 17
Relationship between Endothelial Function, Antiretroviral Treatment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV Patients of African Descent in South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study
Nkeh-Chungag, B. N., Goswami, N., Engwa, G. A., Sewani-Rusike, C. R., Mbombela, V., Webster, I., Boever, P. D., Kessler, H. H., Stelzl, E., & Strijdom, H. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10030392 · Cited by 17
“Albuminuria is another independent cardiovascular risk factor and has been associated with CVDs.”
BackgroundInfluential
Cardiovascular risks associated with protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV
Hatleberg, C. I., Ryom, L., & Sabin, C. A. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2021.1935863 · Cited by 17
Effects of antiretroviral treatment and nadir CD4 count in progression to cardiovascular events and related comorbidities in a HIV Brazilian cohort: a multi-stage approach
de Oliveira, R. D. V. C., Shimakura, S. E., Campos, D. P., Hökerberg, Y. H. M., Victoriano, F. P., Ribeiro, S. R., Veloso, V. G., Grinsztejn, B. G. J., & Carvalho, M. S. (2017) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2017.1391984 · Cited by 17
“navir, all showing indicators of cardiovascular effects according to the literature (D:A:D Study Group, 2008; Islam et al., 2012; Martin-Iguacel et al., 2015).”
Background
A critical epidemiological review of cardiovascular disease risk in HIV ‐infected adults: the importance of the HIV ‐uninfected comparison group, confounding, and competing risks
Althoff, K. N., & Gange, S. J. (2013) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12007 · Cited by 17
Statins Utilization in Adults With HIV: The Treatment Gap and Predictors of Statin Initiation
Coburn, S. B., Lang, R., Zhang, J., Palella, F. J., Horberg, M. A., Castillo‐Mancilla, J., Gebo, K. A., Galaviz, K. I., Gill, M. J., Silverberg, M. J., et al. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003083 · Cited by 16
Prediction models for cardiovascular disease risk among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yu, J., Liu, X., Zhu, Z., Yang, Z., He, J., Zhang, L., & Lu, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1138234 · Cited by 16
“Moreover, ART may have a negative association with an increased risk of CVD events, especially among PLWH with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (8, 9).”
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection–Related Heart Disease
Pham, T. V., & Torres, M. (2015) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.04.009 · Cited by 16
Association of increased CD8 + and persisting C-reactive protein levels with restenosis in HIV patients after coronary stenting
Schneider, S., Spinner, C. D., Cassese, S., Promny, D., Hapfelmeier, A., Byrne, R. A., Baumann, M., Jäger, H., Steinlechner, E., Laugwitz, K., et al. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001063 · Cited by 17
“In fact, the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction is greater in HIV-infected populations, as compared with non-HIV-infected populations [4].”
Background
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Antiviral Activity, and Pharmacokinetics of 10-Day Monotherapy With BMS-986001, a Novel HIV NRTI, in Treatment-Experienced HIV-1–Infected Subjects
Cotte, L., Dellamonica, P., Raffi, F., Yazdanpanah, Y., Molina, J., Boué, F., Urata, Y., Chan, H. P., Zhu, L., Chang, I., et al. (2013) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3182965d12 · Cited by 16
Lipoprotein(a) and HIV
Enkhmaa, B., Anuurad, E., Zhang, W., Li, C., Kaplan, R. C., Lazar, J., Merenstein, D., Karim, R., Aouizerat, B. E., Cohen, M. H., et al. (2017) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.117.309137 · Cited by 17
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response after statin initiation among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus
Burkholder, G., Muntner, P., Zhao, H., Mugavero, M. J., Overton, E. T., Kilgore, M. L., Drozd, D. R., Crane, H. M., Moore, R. D., Mathews, W. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2018.03.082 · Cited by 16
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities in urban African people living with HIV in South Africa
Roozen, G. V. T., Meel, R., Peper, J., Venter, F., Barth, R. E., Grobbee, D. E., Klipstein‐Grobusch, K., & Vos, A. G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244742 · Cited by 16
Treatment with a fixed dose combination antiretroviral therapy drug containing tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz is associated with cardioprotection in high calorie diet-induced obese rats
Everson, F., Genis, A., Ogundipe, T. R., Boever, P. D., Goswami, N., Lochner, A., Blackhurst, D., & Strijdom, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208537 · Cited by 16
Dysmetabolism, Diabetes and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Cured of Chronic Hepatitis C: A Real‐Life Cohort Study
Valenti, L. V. C., Pelusi, S., Aghemo, A., Gritti, S., PASULO, L., Bianco, C., Iegri, C., Cologni, G., Degasperi, E., D’Ambrosio, R., et al. (2021) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1851 · Cited by 15
Inflammation-mediated vitamin K and vitamin D effects on vascular calcifications in people with HIV on active antiretroviral therapy
Janus, S. E., Durieux, J., Hajjari, J., Carneiro, H. A., & McComsey, G. A. (2021) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003149 · Cited by 15
“Compared with healthy controls, PWH have persistently high levels of systemic inflammation, as observed in increased inflammatory serum biomarkers of hs-CRP, IL6, sCD163, sCD163, and D-dimer [18], and have a significantly higher relative risk of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, sudden cardiac death [19,20],…”
Background
The incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes comorbidities in HIV infection: A systematic review
Nigatu, T. H., Oldenburg, B. F., Elliott, J., Setswe, G., & Woldegiorgis, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v3n7p58 · Cited by 15
“References of review articles [9-12] were also assessed to identify additional studies.”
Background
Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference of HIV‐Infected Youth in a Miami Cohort
Arbeitman, L., O’Brien, R. C., Somarriba, G. A., Messiah, S. E., Neri, D. A., Scott, G. B., & Miller, T. L. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000394 · Cited by 15
“Obesity (43) and HIV infection (4,11) are known independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease.”
Background
Psychosocial risk and management of physical diseases
Schneiderman, N., McIntosh, R. C., & Antoni, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-00007-y · Cited by 18
“Perhaps the greatest shift in HIV surveillance in recent years is the emergence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the leading cause of mortality in people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA) (Islam et al., 2012; Mottillo et al., 2010); and that this may be partially attributable to chronic exposure to HAART (Bavinger et al.”
Influential
Circulating CD 40 ligand, Dickkopf‐1 and P‐selectin in HIV ‐infected patients
Falasca, K., Reale, M., Nicola, M. D., Ucciferri, C., Zecca, I., Santilli, F., Pontolillo, M., Liani, R., D’Angelo, C., Costantini, E., et al. (2019) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12789 · Cited by 15
Stroke and HIV in Botswana: A prospective study of risk factors and outcomes
Bearden, D. R., Omech, B., Rulaganyang, I., Sesay, S. O., Kolson, D. L., Kasner, S. E., & Mullen, M. T. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116806 · Cited by 15
Risk of Cancer in People With HIV Experiencing Varying Degrees of Immune Recovery With Sustained Virological Suppression on Antiretroviral Treatment for More Than 2 Years: An International, Multicenter, Observational Cohort
Han, W. M., Ryom, L., Sabin, C. A., Greenberg, L., Cavassini, M. L., Egle, A., Duvivier, C., Wit, F. W. N. M., Mussini, C., Monforte, A. D., et al. (2025) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf248 · Cited by 14
“The landscape of morbidity and mortality has evolved in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), shifting from opportunistic infections and cancer associated with immunodeficiency to age-associated conditions such as cardiovascular disease and non–AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) [1–3].”
Effects of real-time electronic data entry on HIV programme data quality in Lusaka, Zambia
Moomba, K., Williams, A., Savory, T., Lumpa, M., Chilembo, P., Tweya, H. M., Harries, A. D., & Herce, M. E. (2020) · Public Health Action · doi:10.5588/pha.19.0068 · Cited by 14
Differential Impact of IL-32 Isoforms on the Functions of Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells: A Potential Link with Arterial Stiffness and Atherosclerosis
Bunet, R., Cardinal, M. R., Ramani, H., Cleret‐Buhot, A., Durand, M., Chartrand‐Lefebvre, C., Routy, J., Thomas, R., Trottier, B., Ancuța, P., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030700 · Cited by 14
Chronic Kidney Disease Management in Developing Countries
Badro, D. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_27-1 · Cited by 18
Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Are Stronger Related to Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness Than to Presence of Carotid Plaques in People Living With HIV
Blaauw, M. J. T., Berrevoets, M. A. H., Vos, W. A. J. W., Groenendijk, A. L., van Eekeren, L. E., Vadaq, N., Weijers, G., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., Rutten, J. H. W., & Riksen, N. P. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030606 · Cited by 14
Mechanisms Influencing Circadian Blood Pressure Patterns Among Individuals with HIV
Kent, S. T., Burkholder, G., Tajeu, G. S., Overton, E. T., & Muntner, P. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0598-1 · Cited by 14
Decreasing rates of acute myocardial infarction in people living with HIV : a nationwide cohort study in Spain, 2004–2015
Masiá, M., Padilla, S., García, J. A., Bernardino, J. I., Campins, A. A., Asensi, V., & Gutiérrez, F. (2018) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12616 · Cited by 14
Effect of antiretroviral therapy on allele-associated Lp(a) level in women with HIV in the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Enkhmaa, B., Anuurad, E., Zhang, W., Li, C., Kaplan, R. C., Lazar, J., Merenstein, D., Karim, R., Aouizerat, B. E., Cohen, M. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p084517 · Cited by 14
HIV and metabolic syndrome in an Ethiopian population
Møller, S. P., Amare, H., Christensen, D. L., Yilma, D., Abdissa, A., Friis, H., Faurholt‐Jepsen, D., & Olsen, M. F. (2020) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2020.1781929 · Cited by 14
Cardiovascular disease and prevention among people living with HIV in South Florida
Pyarali, F. F., Iordanov, R. B., Ebner, B., Grant, J. K., Vincent, L. T., Toirac, A., Haque, T., Zablah, G. J., Kapoor, K., Powell, A. R., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026631 · Cited by 14
Race and sex differences in ambulatory blood pressure measures among HIV+ adults
Kent, S. T., Schwartz, J. E., Shimbo, D., Overton, E. T., Burkholder, G., Oparil, S., Mugavero, M. J., & Muntner, P. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2017.05.002 · Cited by 15
Association Between Physical Activity, Depression, and Diabetes in Urban-Dwelling People Living with HIV
Quiles, N. N., Ciccolo, J. T., & Garber, C. E. (2017) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2017.06.015 · Cited by 14
Once-daily Doravirine for Initial Treatment of Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus–1: An Integrated Safety Analysis
Thompson, M., Orkin, C. M., Molina, J., Sax, P. E., Cahn, P. E., Squires, K., Xu, X., Rodgers, A., Kumar, S., Teppler, H., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz423 · Cited by 14
Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Distribution, Determinants and Relationship with Health Status among People Living with HIV in Urban Tanzania
Ottaru, T. A., Kwesigabo, G., Butt, Z. A., Rivera, A. S., Chillo, P., Siril, H. N., Hirschhorn, L. R., Feinstein, M. J., & Hawkins, C. (2022) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1157 · Cited by 13
Direct and indirect cardiovascular and cardiometabolic sequelae of the combined anti-retroviral therapy on people living with HIV
Batta, Y., King, C., Cooper, F., Johnson, J. L., Haddad, N., Boueri, M. G., DeBerry, E., & Haddad, G. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1118653 · Cited by 17
“(2012) (Islam et al., 2012) suggests that the use of NRTI based antiviral therapy in PLHIV is associated with an increased risk of TABLE 1 Individual Drug Classes and Cardiovascular Health Risk.”
Background
Hepatitis B virus infection and decreased risk of stroke: a meta-analysis
Wang, Y., Xiong, J., Chen, X., Niu, M., Chen, X., Guan, Y., Zheng, K., & Xu, K. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19609 · Cited by 13
“It is known that HIV itself may also affect cerebrovascular disease risk [38, 39]; thus, our findings may not be generalizable to all populations.”
Background
CCR5+ CD8 T-cell levels and monocyte activation precede the onset of acute coronary syndrome in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy
Tarancón‐Díez, L., Pablo-Bernal, R. S. D., Álvarez‐Ríos, A. I., Rosado‐Sánchez, I., Domínguez-Molina, B., Genebat, M., Pacheco, Y. M., Jiménez, J. L., Muñoz‐Fernández, M. Á., Ruíz-Mateos, E., et al. (2017) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th16-11-0867 · Cited by 13
“However, non-AIDS-related events, such as those attributable to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), have become increasingly relevant, increasing approximately two-fold compared to a non-HIV-infected population and becoming one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients (1).”
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Statin: a Clinical Update
Zanetti, H. R., Roever, L., Gonçalves, A., & Resende, E. S. (2018) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-018-0708-z · Cited by 13
Endothelial dysfunction, a predictor of cardiovascular disease in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Strauss, K.-L. E., Phoswa, W. N., Lebelo, S. L., Modjadji, P., & Mokgalaboni, K. (2024) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2023.12.011 · Cited by 12
Long-term efficacy and toxicity of abacavir/lamivudine/nevirapine compared to the most prescribed ARV regimens before 2013 in a French Nationwide Cohort Study
de Boissieu, P., Dramé, M., Raffi, F., Cabie, A., Poizot‐Martin, I., Cotte, L., Garraffo, R., Delobel, P., Huleux, T., Rey, D., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004890 · Cited by 12
“NVP was shown to have a favorable lipid profile when compared with EFV and PIs, but this was documented in studies conducted with PIs, which are no longer recommended.([7,8,21]) In our study, discontinuation of the ARV regimen due to cardiovascular events was very rare across all groups.”
Result
Are we successfully managing cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV?
Hatleberg, C. I., Lundgren, J. D., & Ryom, L. (2017) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000417 · Cited by 12
HIV-Infection, Atherosclerosis and the Inflammatory Pathway: Candidate Gene Study in a Spanish HIV-Infected Population
Ibáñez, L., Velli, P., Font, R., Jaén, Á., Royo, J., Irigoyen, D., Cairó, M., de la Sierra, A., Arranz, M. J., Gallardo, D., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112279 · Cited by 12
“The prevalence of these events in HIV-infected subjects is higher than in the general population and has an earlier onset [4–6].”
Background
Impact of age on care pathways of people living with HIV followed up in hospital
Jacomet, C., Berland, P., Guiguet, M., Simon, A., Rey, D., Arvieux, C., Puglièse, P., & Gerbaud, L. (2016) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1200712 · Cited by 12
Understanding cardiovascular disease in day-to-day living for African people: a qualitative metasynthesis
Tulu, S. N., Salmi, N. A., & Jones, J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10781-1 · Cited by 13
“People living with HIV are at increased risk of CVD since immune response and HIV-related inflammation were found to be risk factors for CVD [35, 36].”
Background
Trends of HIV Mortality between 2001 and 2018: An Observational Analysis
Jani, C., Patel, K., Walker, A., Singh, H., Omari, O. A., Crowley, C., Marshall, D. C., Goodall, R. J., Rupal, A., Salciccioli, J. D., et al. (2021) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6040173 · Cited by 12
“A large body of evidence indicates that HIV-positive individuals are at aboveaverage risk for cardiovascular disease [27,28].”
Background
Myocardial deformation imaging unmasks subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction in asymptomatic and treatment-naïve HIV patients
Karavidas, A. I., Xylomenos, G., Matzaraki, V., Papoutsidakis, N., Leventopoulos, G., Farmakis, D. T., Lazaros, G. A., Perpinia, A., Arapi, S. M., Paisios, N., et al. (2015) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-015-0866-8 · Cited by 12

Authors: Islam, F., Wu, J., Jansson, J., & Wilson, D.
Affiliations: The Kirby Institute Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Wilson, DP
ORCID: Wu, J
Jansson, J
Venue: HIV Medicine
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-03-14
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
Pages: 453-468
ISSN: 1464-2662 (ISSN-L)
1468-1293
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x
OpenAlex: W1677033108
Cited by: 432
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: HIV Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Medical Research Council
Australian Research Council (DP1093026, FT0991990)
National Health and Medical Research Council (630495)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords: cardiovascular disease, people living with HIV, antiretroviral therapy, protease inhibitors, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular events, lopinavir/ritonavir, abacavir, cardiovascular risk
MeSH terms: Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Protease Inhibitors, Risk Factors, HIV Infections, Incidence, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Anti-Retroviral Agents

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Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV : a systematic review and meta‐analysis

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