The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Negative outcome in psychotherapy: A critical review.
Abstract
This article reviews literature on negative outcome in psychotherapy for adult, non-psychotic individuals. Patient, therapist, and therapy variables are examined, and tentative conclusions are drawn from the existing data. Patients who are borderline or obsessive-compulsive, have severe interpersonal difficulties, are poorly motivated, or who expect psychotherapy to be painless have been found to be at risk for deterioration. On the part of the therapist, lack of empathy, underestimation of the severity of the patient's problems, negative counter transference, poor technique, high concentrations of transference interpretations, and disagreement with the patient about the therapy process all have been associated with negative outcome. Cestalt therapies have produced higher rates of deterioration than other psychotherapy modalities. Issues in research methodology are discussed, including identification of negative responders, outcome measurement, identification of variables related to negative outcome, and the role that ethical dilemmas play in research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, people with borderline personality disorders may be at increased risk of negative outcomes from psychological therapy [25]”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(09)80002-8 · Cited by 82
RetractedEysenck, H. J., & Grossarth-Maticek, R. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(09)80003-x · Cited by 38
RetractedThe brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
Endicott, J. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012 · Cited by 4,982
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998
On Being Sane in Insane Places
ROSENHAN, D. L. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250 · Cited by 2,192
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,123
Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.885 · Cited by 2,026
The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation.
Eysenck, H. J. (1952) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063633 · Cited by 1,734
Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies
Kernberg, O. F. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,308
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Beutler, 1990, Toward prescriptive psychological treatments
- Beutler, 1994, Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 229
- Colson, 1985, Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it, 59
- Daldrup, 1988, Focused expressive psychotherapy
- Frances, 1984, The art and science of treatment selection
- Freud, 1959, Collected Papers, 13
- Garfield, 1994, Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 190
- Hollon, 1985, Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it, 210
- Kernberg, 1972, Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis: Final report of the Menninger Foundation's psychotherapy research project, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 36
- Lambert, 1994, Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 143
- Malan, 1976, An example of the convergence of research and clinical practice
- Mays, 1985, Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it
- Mohr, 1994, Proscription in Psychotherapy
- Ogles, 1993, The clinical significance of the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program data
- Paul, 1977, Psychological treatment of chronic mental patients
- Stone, 1985, Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it, 145
- Strupp, 1984, A guide to time-limited dynamic psychotherapy
- Strupp, 1977, A tripartite model of mental health and therapeutic outcomes, American Psychologist, 32, 187, 10.1037/0003-066X.32.3.187 · DOI
- Strupp, 1977, The problem of negative effects
- Vaughan, 1985, Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it, 192
- Weber, 1965, Developments in psychoanalysis at Columbia University: Proceedings of the 20th anniversary conference
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x · Cited by 959
The Origins and Current Status of Behavioral Activation Treatments for Depression
Dimidjian, S., Barrera, M., Martell, C., Muñoz, R. F., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104535 · Cited by 785
Shimokawa, K., Lambert, M. J., & Smart, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019247 · Cited by 657
Is it time for clinicians to routinely track patient outcome? A meta-analysis
Lambert, M. J., Whipple, J. L., Hawkins, E. J., Vermeersch, D. A., Nielsen, S. L., & Smart, D. W. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg025 · Cited by 608
Metadata
- Authors
- Mohr, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mohr, David C.
- ORCID
- Mohr, David C.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2070633071
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- treatment discontinuation, therapist empathy, countertransference, transference, patient motivation, borderline personality, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal problems, cognitive behavioral therapy, outcome measurement, research ethics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review